• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.379-386
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• 2005

Free amino acids and polysaccharide content of submerged mycelial culture of Fomitopsis pinicola using $2\%$ citrus peel water extracts(CP), $2\%$ green tea water extracts(GT) and yeast-malt broth(YM) were investigated. Cultivations were conducted at $30^{\circ}C$ and 150 rpm for 10 days. Yields of the mycelium as fresh weight basis in GT-, CP- and YM-broth were $42.3\%,\;34.2\%\;and\;9.89\%$, and their turbidity(OD at 660 nm) of the broth without mycelium were 0.14, 0.16 and 0.22, respectively. Total free amino acid content in the mycelium were 928.19 $mg\%$ in YM, 1060.53 $mg\%$ in CP, 764.83 $mg\%$ in GT, and the major free amino acid was lysine in YM, glutamic acid in CP and GT. Total free exo-amino acid contents were 659.75 $mg\%$ in YM, 954.55 $mg\%$ in CP, 838.69 $mg\%$ in GT, and the major in the all broths was glutamic acid Total amino acid derivatives content of the mycelium were in order of CP>GT>YM, and the major was cystathionine in YM, hydroxy proline in CP and GT. The major among exo-amino derivatives was hydroxy proline in the all broth. Exo-AIS content was in order of CP>GT>YM. Acid soluble polysaccharide content of the mycelium was GT($0.69\%$)>YM($0.39\%$)>CP($0.18\%$). The exo-polysaccharide content was in order of GT($0.87\%$)>CP($0.69\%$)>YM($0.09\%$). Alkali soluble polysaccharide content of the mycelium was in order of CP($5.21\%$)>GT($5.18\%$)>YM($4.56\%$), and exo-polysaccharide was in order of GT($6.79\%$)>YM($3.57\%$)>CP($3.01\%$). The alkali soluble polysaccharide eluted from mycelium cultivated in CP broth was supposed to polysaccharide(about 500,000 daltons) composed of hexose and uronic acid bounded with protein(below 10,000 daltons).

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.5_1
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• pp.1029-1042
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• 2021

As part of the next-generation Compact Advanced Satellite 500 (CAS500) project, CAS500-4 is scheduled to be launched in 2025 focusing on the remote sensing of agriculture and forestry. To obtain quantitative information on vegetation from satellite images, it is necessary to acquire surface reflectance through atmospheric correction. Thus, it is essential to develop an atmospheric correction method suitable for CAS500-4. Since the absorption and scattering characteristics in the atmosphere vary depending on the wavelength, it is needed to analyze the sensitivity of atmospheric correction parameters such as aerosol optical depth (AOD) and water vapor (WV) considering the wavelengths of CAS500-4. In addition, as CAS500-4 has only five channels (blue, green, red, red edge, and near-infrared), making it difficult to directly calculate key parameters for atmospheric correction, external parameter data should be used. Therefore, thisstudy performed a sensitivity analysis of the key parameters (AOD, WV, and O₃) using the simulated images based on Sentinel-2 satellite data, which has similar wavelength specifications to CAS500-4, and examined the possibility of using the products of GEO-KOMPSAT-2A (GK2A) as atmospheric parameters. The sensitivity analysisshowed that AOD wasthe most important parameter with greater sensitivity in visible channels than in the near-infrared region. In particular, since AOD change of 20% causes about a 100% error rate in the blue channel surface reflectance in forests, a highly reliable AOD is needed to obtain accurate surface reflectance. The atmospherically corrected surface reflectance based on the GK2A AOD and WV was compared with the Sentinel-2 L2A reflectance data through the separability index of the known land cover pixels. The result showed that two corrected surface reflectance had similar Seperability index (SI) values, the atmospheric corrected surface reflectance based on the GK2A AOD showed higher SI than the Sentinel-2 L2A reflectance data in short-wavelength channels. Thus, it is judged that the parameters provided by GK2A can be fully utilized for atmospheric correction of the CAS500-4. The research findings will provide a basis for atmospheric correction of the CAS500-4 in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.89-100
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• 2021

This study evaluated the degree of interaction between the people and the environment using perceived naturalness measure. The seventh-grade index of Hemeroby was divided into subclasses of land cover according to degrees of human influence. The grade was standardized for each indicator to evaluate the current state of urban parks in Seoul by applying probability density function and weight. User evaluation was conducted on six distinctive parks selected. In the results, three implications were found between spatial evaluation according to the perceived naturalness. First, park users evaluated highly for the spaces such as broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest and mixed forest evaluated highly in the Hemeroby grade index. Park users generally recognized that various types of trees in the area had high naturalness. The density of trees is one of the factors in perceived naturalness. Second, water spaces were highly evaluated for naturalness in the Hemeroby grade index. However, the perceived naturalness of water spaces such as inland wetlands, pond and reservoir evaluated in various ways depending on environmental conditions around the park. Third, perceived naturalness is easily evaluated through vertical landscape elements such as trees rather than horizontal landscapes such as grassland. The perceived naturalness is similar to the naturalness evaluation using land cover. However the study found the perceived naturalness for a specific space was different from the Hemeroby index. Perceived naturalness by the user includes the content that the individual sees, hears, and experiences. Park users are usually structuring naturalness through evaluating the value of urban green spaces based on personal perception. Therefore there is no absolute standard criterion for evaluating the naturalness of urban green spaces. A deeper study is needed that considers user bundles or user groups with conflicting interests on the perceived naturalness in urban parks. These studies will be essential data on the direction of naturalness urban park service should provide.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.276-283
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate distribution of epilithic algal and chemical contents of irrigation water influencing in the Seomjin River from March to October in 1996 and 1997. In the water quality of the Seomjin River, the monthly average contents of $NH^+\;_4-N,\;SO_4\;^{2-}$ and $Cl^-$ showed the lowest peak in July and August while that of $NO_3-N$ showed the highest peak in June. The water quality of the Seomjin River was deteriorated by inflow of Yo-cheon and Sosi-cheon in the middle stream. The concentration of anions and cations of the Seomjin River was $Cl^->SO_4\;^{2-}>NO_3\;^->PO_4\;^{3-}\;and\;Ca^{2+}>Na^+>Mg^{2+}>K^+>NH_4\;^+$, respectively. The epilithic algal community identified 339 taxa consisting of 7 forma, 42 varieties and 290 species in 6 classes. In species composition, green algae and diatoms were heavily dominated which were evaluated 50.4% and 31.3% of total classification, respectively. In seasonal distribution, 219 species presented in summer but, 147 species were in winter. In this study, dominant species were Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta and Cosmarium furcatospermum in spering. Cyclotella meneghinasa and Synedra ulna, Scenedesmus ecornis in summer. Melosira varians, Achnathes minutissima in autumn and Gomphonema parvulum in winter were dominated. Finally, the dominant indices in this study have ranged 0.10-0.43.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.98-106
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• 2012

This research has been carried out to find out the highest effect on insecticidal, fungicidal and herbicidal activities in leaves, stem and tuber extracts of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) and extraction methods such as water, boiling water and methanol. Characteristics of potential herbicidal components among extraction methods were investigated by solvent fractions such as hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. Generally, methanol extract was the best on inhibition of germination rate, plant height, and root length in cucumber and barley. On the other hand, the inhibition effect on growth in cucumber and barley was the best in tuber among plant parts of yacon. Inhibition of germination rate, plant height, and root length in cucumber and barley in solvent fractions was the best in water fraction, but there were no differences in other fractions. Digitaria sanguinalis L. and Solanum nigrum L. by 5 and 10% extractions of yacon tuber were controlled by more than 70~80% and 95~100%, respectively. However, there was no inhibition effect on foliar treatment in cucumber and barley as affected by 5 and 10% extractions of yacon tuber. Mortality of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) was 50% at 3 days after treatment of 5% extracts of yacon leaves. Mortality of brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) was only 24% in 5% extracts of stems and leaves with midrib, but was 57% in 5% extracts of leaves without midrib. There was no fungicidal effect on anthracnose (Colletotrichum truncatum), wilt disease (Fusarium oxysporum), verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae), bacterial blight (Xanthomonus oryzae) in 5% extracts of yacon leaves.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.52-63
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• 2020

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the characteristics of air temperature fluctuation inside the Daegeumgul, Ondaldonggul, and Seongnyugul Caves, which are the most representative limestone caves in Korea, and also to assess the effects of air temperature on cave temperature. Temperature was measured hourly at three sites in Daegeumgul, Ondaldonggul, and Seongnyugul Caves from April 13 to June 25, 2019. Additionally, air temperature data for the areas around the caves was provided by the Meteorological Administration. Using this collected data, the basic statistical measure of fluctuation characteristics over time was ascertained, and time series analyses were performed. Wide variation of temperature was exhibited in the order of the cave entrance, the cave water inflow point, and the midpoint. Cave temperature was observed to increase gradually during the study period. There was a vast range in temperature at the Daegeumgul station located approximately 150 m outside the cave, but it remained nearly constant beyond the midpoint. Although the effect of air temperature was not significant due to the influence of visitors, the effect of air temperature on cave temperature gradually decreased from the entrance to the interior. At Ondaldonggul, there was a wide range in temperature recorded at the entrance due to the influence of air temperature, but it stayed almost constant in the interior. However, at the site where cave water flows into the cave, temperature was influenced by the cave water temperature. At Seongnyugul, there was a distinct fluctuation in temperature recorded at the cave entrance, while the middle of the cave remained nearly constant. Temperature fluctuated due to the air temperature at the entrance, while at the middle of the cave, measurements were expected to be affected to a greater extent by the lake water temperature than by the air temperature. However, this pattern was not observed. According to the time series analysis results, in all caves, fluctuations of air temperature affected cave temperature after approximately one hour. Cave size and structure, water presence, the entrance's size and shape, air flow, and visitor patterns can all influence cave temperature. Therefore, consideration of these factors is very important in the pursuit to clearly understand cave temperature characteristics.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.2
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• pp.164-174
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• 1994

Temporal changes in growth performances, chlorophyll contents, and tissue water relations for determining their physiological responses of five economic tree species subjected to chronic water and nutrition stresses were investigated with containerized seedlings grown in different soil moisture regimes and nutrition levels. Seedlings of Quercus acutissima, Q. variabilis, Q. mongolica, Q. serrata, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla were propagated in plastic pots(I.D. $16cm{\times}Depth$ 16cm) for the experiments. The seedlings were subjected to two soil moisture regimes of dry and wet soils and two nutrition levels of fertilization with N+P+K and no fertilization through the growing season from May to September in a green house. For the purpose of analyzing their responses to the environmental stresses, seedling heights and root collar diameters, chlorophyll contents, and P-V curve parameters of the seedlings were measured in May, July, and September. The environmental stresses coming from moisture and nutrient deficits affected the growth performances of seedlings variously among species and among different growing periods, as well as between height and basal diameter growth of seedlings. The growth performances of Q. acutissima were influenced sensitively on the stresses, but those of Q. mongolica less influenced in comparison with other species. Chlorophyll contents were generally higher in Quercus spp. than F. rhynchophylla through the growing season. The chlorophyll contents changed by species and by treatment through the season within ranges of 0.14~1.96 mg/g dry wt. of chlorophyll a and within 0.16~1.79mg/g dry wt. of chlorophyll b, respectively. But the contents seemed to be decreased gradually through the chronic environmental stresses and leaf senescence. The osmotic potential at full turgor(${\Psi}{{\pi}o}$) and turgor loss point(${\Psi}{\pi}p$) had temporarily declined up to 3 to 5bars from -7.0~-12.4bars in May to -10.2~-17.5bars in September and up to 5 to 6bars from -7.6~-14.2bars in May to -12.9~-20.4bars in September, respectively, with some exceptions. The values of ${\Psi}{\pi}p$ were generally high in F. rhynchophylla in May and July, but high in Q. serrata in September. Relative water contents at turgor loss point(RWCp) were generally high in F. rhynchophylla, but the temporal changes of RWCp were quite and frequently different among species and among treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2012

Annual power consumption of our country is positioned in the upper percentile in the world, and because the proportion of fossil power generation is high, which ranks the 10th $CO_2$ emission country. In this regard, government has established and is implementing the National Energy Basic Plan to realize to get out of fossilization in energy supply while focusing on securing the technology for renewable energy as well as its commercialization in order to reduce greenhouse gas. Resource recovery technology for deep seawater thermal energy which is one of renewable energies is newly getting attention domestically as well as in overseas for securing resources and environmental improvement as a core technology for multilateral use of marine resources for low carbon and green growth. Economic feasibility analysis was conducted for the research and development as follows on the use of ocean thermal energy conversion and seawater air conditioning. First, in the case of power generation using deep seawater and warm discharge water from ocean thermal energy conversion plant of 1MW level, it is judged that the economic feasibility is insufficient but the feasibility will be significantly improved if we consider not only power generation but also drinking water and certified emission reduction by developing the power plant to the size for commercialization. Second, the economic feasibility for the use of deep seawater as air conditioning for the power plant of 1,000RT level turned out to be very good. Especially, when we consider certified emission reduction, it will be possible to secure sufficient economic feasibility. When we use it in connection with ocean thermal energy conversion, water conversion and agricultural and fishery use, it is judged that economic ripple effect will be significant and therefore it will be necessary to conduct research and development for early commercialization, distribution and diffusion of deep seawater energy.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.138-150
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• 1993

Experiments were carried out to understand how much do the environmental factors affect growth and tuber formation of arrowhead, Sagittaria trifolia L. The more the light transmittance decreased, the more the numbers of leaves and floral axes decreased. The dry matter weight of tops and the number and the fresh weight of formated tuber were significantly different between the light transmittance of more than 50% and that of less than 30% at the 5% level of DMRT. Plant height, number and width of leaves, and number of floral axis were affected by the Light spectra. And the degree of their effects on growth of arrowhead was different form the light spectrum. The natural light and the clear cellophane film were the most effective to increase the number and the fresh weight of formated tuber and the green spectrum was the least effective to do those. Plant height grown at 0-5cm water depth was shorter than that at 10-20cm water depth. The deeper the water depth was, the lower the leaves number was. The fresh weight and the number of arrowhead tuber were most produced at 0cm water depth and theose were least at 20cm water depth. The shoot growth and the tuber formation of arrowhead was much increased with increase of the application rate of fertilizer. The difference of the transplanted tuber size was not affected at the shoot growth, but tuber formation of arrowhead was increased with increase of the transplanted tuber size. From viewing the effect of temperature after rice heading, the shoot growth and the tuber formation at $35^{\circ}C$ were also higher than those at $25^{\circ}C$.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.366-373
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• 2011

Recent studies suggested that Cheonnyuncho is a significant source of bioactive phenolic compounds, comparable to phytochemicals, including green tea and onion. In this study, the hot-water and 80% ethanolic extracts of Cheonnyuncho were assessed as to their total phenol content, total flavonoids content, antioxidant activity (DPPH radical-scavenging activity and reducing power), and anti-obesity activity. The results showed that the total phenol contents of the hot water extract and the 80% ethanolic extract were $16.52{\pm}3.87$ and $13.44{\pm}0.85$ mg GAE/g, respectively. The total flavonoids content was detected only in the 80% ethanolic extract, however, with a 778.08 ${\mu}g$ catechin equivalents/g content. The DPPH radical-scavenging activity and reducing power of the 80% ethanolic extract from Cheonnyuncho was significantly higher than those of the water extract (p < 0.05). During the adipocyte differentiation, the 80% ethanolic extract of Cheonnyuncho more significantly inhibited lipid accumulation and ROS production than the 3T3-L1 cells that were treated with hot water extract. Furthermore, the 80% ethanolic extract of Cheonnyuncho suppressed the mRNA abundance of the adipogenic transcription factor, $PPAR{\gamma}$ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$), and its target gene, aP2 (adipocyte protein 2). These results indicate that Cheonnyuncho extracts can inhibit adipogenesis through a mechanism that involves direct down regulation of $PPAR{\gamma}$ gene expression or via modulation of ROS production associated with radical-scavenging activities.