• Composites Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.18-24
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• 2004

In this paper, active shape control of composite structures actuated by shape memory alloy (SMA) wires is presented. The thermo-mechanical behaviors of SMA wires were experimentally measured. Hybrid composite structures were established by attaching SMA actuators on the surfaces of graphite/epoxy composite beams using bolt-joint connectors. SMA actuators were activated by phase transformation, which induced by temperature rising over austenite finish temperature. In this paper, electrical resistive heating was applied to the hybrid composite structures to activate the SMA actuators. For (aster and more accurate shape/deflection control of the hybrid composite structure, PID feedback controller was designed from numerical simulations and experimentally applied to the SMA actuators.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.96-101
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• 2019

In this study, the flame retardant and physical properties of the expandable graphite/polyurethane foam composites were considered by the addition of expandable graphite. The tensile strength of expandable graphite/polyurethane foam composites decreased with the content of the expandable graphite and the analysis of cell shape by SEM has shown that as the expandable graphite content increases, the cell becomes uneven and collapses. As the results of the compressive strength, density and air permeability tests, it was found that density and as the content of the expandable graphite increased, the compressive strength of the composites increased but air permeability decreased. When the amount of expandable graphite was added at 10 phr or higher, the foam has excellent flame retardation performance. Analysis of the degree of diffraction by X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that as the content of the expandable graphite increased, the crystal peak of the graphite appeared near $2{\theta}=26^{\circ}$.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.8
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• pp.2989-2998
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• 2022

Line contact structures, such as the contact between graphite brick and graphite tenon, widely exist in high-temperature gas-cooled reactors. Due to the stress concentration effect, the line contact area is one of the dangerous positions prone to failure in the nuclear reactor core. In this paper, the failure mechanism of line contact structures composed of IG11 nuclear graphite column and brick were investigated by means of experiment and finite element simulation. It was found that the failure process mainly includes three stages: firstly, the damage accumulation in nuclear graphite material led to the characteristic yielding of the line contact structure, but no macroscopic failure can be observed at this stage; secondly, the stresses near the contact area met Mohr failure criterion, and a crack initiated and propagated laterally in the contact zone, that is, local macroscopic failure occurred at this stage; finally, a second crack initiated in the contact area and developed in to a Y-shape, resulting in the final failure of the structure. This study lays a foundation for the structural design and safety assessment of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2003

Since the microstructure of functional thin films depends on the dispersion characteristics of dense slurry, it is important to control the agglomerative nature of slurries under processing. The present authors have been discussing the model prediction of agglomerative nature and local rate of agglomeration in dense suspensions. The experiments have been peformed under shear flow using the nearly spherical and oblate type graphite particles. In this study, the experiment has been conducted using water and glycerol as dispersion media. Stress control type rheometer was used to measure the slurry rheology. Local agglomeration of graphite particles has been predicted by using Usui's model. The experimental results show that both the shape and slurry processing method affect on the local dispersion condition. The agglomeration formed by oblate type graphite particles seems to be more difficult to break up than that of spherical particles.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.137-142
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• 1997

From the results of study on the electrical characteristics of heat-generation mortar used graphite as fine aggregates is summerized as following. The primary purpose of this study is the mixing ratio of graphite (35%, 50%/Sg), curing conditions (autoclave, steam, surface, underwater) and shape change (length, section of the electric heat-generation mortar). In case of the test condition with the steam curing condition appearance to most excellent heat-generation reproducibility. And temperature a coefficient of electric heat-generation mortar change from is in inverse proportion to the temperature a coefficient of direct proportion as the ratio of graphite mixing increased.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 1996

Effect of various austempered structures on fracture characteristics of C/V graphite cast iron has studied. The tensile strength and hardness reached the maximum value of 971.4MPa and HB302 at the austempering temperature of $250^{\circ}C$, respectively. As the austempering temperature increased, the amount of retained austenite increased from 18% to 22, 29%, while $K_{IC}$ values ranged from the value of $65MPa{\cdot}m^{12} to 70MPa{\cdot}m^{1/2}, 66MPa{\cdot}m^{1/2}. This fact that $K_{IC}$ value was not sensitive to the increase of the amount of the retained austenite was that $K_{IC}$ was dependent on the matrix structure in lower bainitic matrix, while dependent on the notch effect from C/V graphite shape in upper bainitic matrix. Fractured surfaces showed a ductile fracture pattern at $300^{\circ}C$. Very large coalescence by C/V graphite and relatively small voids by spheroidal graphite were observed.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.226-231
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• 1999

A composition brake shoe composed of iron, graphite, kevlar, barium sulphate, etc. was developed for Diesel locomotives. The density distribution of the shoe depends on groove shapes of the shoe (or punch shape). In this study, we investigated the influence of the punch shape on the density distribution, stresses, etc. The inclination of the groove exerts more influence on the density distribution than the groove filet radius.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.120-125
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• 2002

Si-wafers for solar cells were cast in a size of $50{\times}46{\times}0.5{\textrm}{mm}^3$ by vacuum casting method. The graphite mold coated by BN powder, which was to prevent the reaction of carbon with the molten silicon, was used. Without coating, the wetting and reaction of Si melt to graphite mold was very severe. In the case of BN coating, SiC was formed in the shape of tiny islands at the surface of Si wafer by the reaction between Si-melt and carbon of the graphite mold on the high temperature. The grain size was about 1 mm. The efficiency of Si solar cell was lower than that of Si solar cell fabricated on commercial single and poly crystalline Si wafer. The reason of low efficiency was discussed.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1501-1505
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• 1999

Expansion dynamics of C$^{+}$ ions ejected from 355-nm laser ablation of graphite target in vacuum has been investigated by pulsed-field time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry. A strong nonlinear dependence of the amount of desorbed C$^{+}$ ions on laser fluence is interpreted by the mechanism that C$^{+}$ ions are produced directly from the graphite via conversion of the multiphoton energy into thermal energy. The temporal evolution of C$^{+}$ ions was measured by varying the delay time of the ion repelling pulse with respect to the laser irradiation, which provides significant information on the ablated plume characterization. The TOF distributions of ablated ions showed a bimodal shape and could be fitted by shifted Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions. The velocity of the fast component increases with the delay time, whereas the slow component (< 500 m/s) exhibits a constant velocity. Also studied were the effects of the laser fluence on the energetics of C$^{+}$ ions.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 1993

It was found that the basic principle of continuous crystal growth method was following as; the powder supplied from the feeding system is molten in the graphite crucible under the ambient gas. After forming the molten zone in the lower part of the crucible, the seed crystal is deeped into the melt and pulled down with the rotation so that the melt crystallized from the seed. When the lowering rate, rotation rate, feeding rate and temperature are correct, the single crystal can grow. The critical melt level, the feeding rate, the growth rate, the change of the shape of molten zone by the graphite susceptor and crucible, the position of work coil, the balance between the gravitational force of melt and the centrifugal force originated from the rotation of seed which are the variables of the crystal growth and the sintering phenomenon of melt surface were researched.