• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.286-293
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• 2012

Resveratrol (3,4,5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), a phytoalexin found in grape skin, grape products, and peanuts as well as red wine, has been reported to have various biological and pharmacological properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-obesity effect of resveratrol-amplified grape skin extracts on adipocytes. The anti-obesity effects of grape skin extracts were investigated by measuring proliferation and differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. The effect of grape skin ethanol extracts on cell proliferation was detected by the MTS assay. The morphological changes and degree of adipogenesis of preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cells were measured by Oil Red-O staining assay. Treatment with extracts of resveratrol-amplified grape skin decreased lipid accumulation and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity without affecting 3T3-L1 cell viability. Grape skin extract treatment resulted in significantly attenuated expression of key adipogenic transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins, and their target genes (FAS, aP2, SCD-1, and LPL). These results indicate that resveratrol-amplified grape skin extracts may be useful for preventing obesity by regulating lipid metabolism.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.231-237
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine biological activities, such as lipid peroxidation inhibition, cytotoxicity, sun blocker, inhibition of tyrosinase, and antioxidative effect, of ethanol extracts, and of solvent fractionated ethanol extracts obtained from grape seeds and skins. The strongest lipid oxidative inhibition of 66.9% and 67.6% was observed respectively, in the presence of 20 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ of both ethanol extract and water fraction of grape seeds. Overall, the ethanol extracts and their fractions of grape seeds exhibited stronger lipid oxidative inhibition than that of skin extracts. On the other hand, the ethanol extracts of grape skins showed stronger cytotoxicity than that of seeds on MCF-7, Hep3B, and A549 cancer cell lines. However, the water fraction of seed ethanol extracts showed the strongest cytotoxic effect of 76.52% and 67.01% on MCF-7 and Hep3B, respectively among their fractions. Ethanol seed extracts obtained at 3$0^{\circ}C$ had the strongest absorbance both at UVA region (350 nm) and UVB region (308 nm) and the chloroform fraction showed the strongest absorbance at W region and butanol fraction at UVA region among their tractions, respectively. In the meantime, the ethanol extracts obtained at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and butanol fraction showed the strongest tyrosinase inhibitory effect of 39.4% and 37.6%, respectively. This study shows that ethanol extracts and their fractions of grape seeds and skins could be potential good materials for functional food and cosmetic products.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.338-344
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine biological activities, such as lipid peroxidation inhibition and cytotoxic effect of ethanol extracts of Black Olympia grape seeds and skins, and of organic solvent fractionated ethanol extracts obtained from grape seeds and skins at different temperatures. Among different extraction temperatures, the ethanol extract of grape seed obtained at 30$\^{C}$ had the strongest lipid oxidation inhibition of 60.1%, while the strongest lipid oxidation inhibitory effect of 71.2% was observed in the presence of 20 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎖ ethylacetate fraction obtained from ethanol extract of grape seeds at 30$\^{C}$. The ethanol extract of grape seeds showed more strong lipid oxidation inhibition than that of skin extracts. Similar results were observed in cytotoxic effects. The ethanol extract of grape seeds at 30$\^{C}$ exhibited more strong cytotoxicity than that of skin extracts on MCF-7, Hep3B, and A549 cell lines. Among organic solvent fractions extracted from the ethanol extracts of gape seeds and skins, the hexane fraction showed the strongest cytotoxic inhibition of 75.15% and 62.50% on MCF-7 and Hep3B cell in the presence of 1.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎖ respectively. On the other hand, the water fraction showed the strongest cytotoxic inhibition of 65.41% on A549 cell in the presence of 1.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎖. Overall, the ethanol extracts and their fractions of Black Olympia grape seeds showed strong lipid oxidation inhibition and cytotoxicity than those of grape skins.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.330-335
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• 2006

The objectives of this study were to characterize the quality of soy kefir made with soymilk in combination with fructose (5%, 10%) and one of the extracts from orange (10%, 15%) and grape (5%, 10%) with differently adjusted amounts as defendant variables. The lactic acid bacteria, yeast and total microbial counts of soy kefir were respectively $1.3{\times}10^7$ CFU/ml, $1.6{\times}10^8$ CFU/ml, $1.5{\times}10^8$ CFU/ml, soy kefir was propered to drink. pH of soy kefir mixed by orange and grape extracts was decreased significantly according to add fructose 5%. Acidity became significantly high when orange and grape extracts were added, which means acidity showed similar tendency in the opposite direction. The saccharinity of soy kefir was not significantly in orange extract, but soy kefir added fructose 10% was high more than fructose 5% in grape extract. In sensory evaluation, soy kefirs added orange extract 15%, fructose 5% and grape extract 10%, fructose 5% were estimated highly on color, astrigent taste, sour taste, mouth feel and overall quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.966-976
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• 2019

Objective: The methane mitigating potential of various plant-based polyphenol sources is known, but effects of combinations have rarely been tested. The aim of the present study was to determine whether binary and 3-way combinations of such phenol sources affect ruminal fermentation less, similar or more intensively than separate applications. Methods: The extracts used were from Acacia mearnsii bark (acacia), Vitis vinifera (grape) seed, Camellia sinensis leaves (green tea), Uncaria gambir leaves (gambier), Vaccinium macrocarpon berries (cranberry), Fagopyrum esculentum seed (buckwheat), and Ginkgo biloba leaves (ginkgo). All extracts were tested using the Hohenheim gas test. This was done alone at 5% of dry matter (DM). Acacia was also combined with all other single extracts at 5% of DM each, and with two other phenol sources (all possible combinations) at 2.5%+2.5% of DM. Results: Methane formation was reduced by 7% to 9% by acacia, grape seed and green tea and, in addition, by most extract combinations with acacia. Grape seed and green tea alone and in combination with acacia also reduced methane proportion of total gas to the same degree. The extracts of buckwheat and gingko were poor in phenols and promoted ruminal fermentation. All treatments except green tea alone lowered ammonia concentration by up to 23%, and the binary combinations were more effective as acacia alone. With three extracts, linear effects were found with total gas and methane formation, while with ammonia and other traits linear effects were rare. Conclusion: The study identified methane and ammonia mitigating potential of various phenolic plant extracts and showed a number of additive and some non-linear effects of combinations of extracts. Further studies, especially in live animals, should concentrate on combinations of extracts from grape seed, green tea leaves Land acacia bark and determine the ideal dosages of such combinations for the purpose of methane mitigation.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.122-128
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• 2004

Since reactive oxygen species, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide are closely involved in various pathological conditions anti play important roles in the initiation, promotion, and progression of carcinogenesis, agents that modulate the production or activity of them might be considered as cancer chemopreventive agents. In the present study, we evaluated chemopreventive potential of some grape shoot extracts and their refined materials using various in vitro assay systems. As a result, both grape shoot extracts and refined materials possessed effective radical scavenging activities about 70~80% at the concentration of 500 ${\mu}$g/ml, and especially the Sheridan shoot extract showed the most potent 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity that was similar to resveratrol. In addition, refined materials from grape shoot extracts suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in macrophage cells, anti refined materials from Kyoho and Campbell shoot extracts exhibited similar inhibitory activities with $IC_{50}$ value of 224 ${\mu}$g/ml and 285 ${\mu}$g/ml, respectively. In addition, at the concentration of 50 ${\mu}$g/ml, all of refined materials inhibited cell proliferation against various human cancer cells about 30~40% compared to control. These findings suggest that grape shoot extract and their refined materials might be useful sources for the development of chemopreventive agents and/or functional foods.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.270-279
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• 2011

This study investigates the antioxidant activities of wild grape seed (Vitis coignetiea seed) extracts by solvents. Organic extracts of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol were obtained from the ethanol extracts of wild grape seed (Vitis coignetiea seed). Total phenolic compound contents of extracts from wild grape seed (Vitis coignetiea seed) by solvents were the highest in ethyl acetate extract, 64.9 mg/100 g. Electron donating abilities of organic solvent fraction obtained from 80% ethanol extracts of wild grape seed were proportionally increased with concentration, and the ethyl acetate extract(90.0%) showed stronger activities than BHT and Ascorbic acid at concentration of $100\;{\mu}L$/mL. Reducing power of organic solvent fraction obtained from 80% ethanol extracts of wild grape seed was the highest in the ethyl acetate extract(2.83) at concentration of $1,000\;{\mu}L$/mL. TBARS of the ethyl acetate extract was highest. Nitrite scavenging ability of organic solvent fraction obtained from 80% ethanol extracts of wild grape seed(pH 1.2, $1,000\;{\mu}L$/mL) was the highest in ethyl acetate extract(76.9%).

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.267-273
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• 2004

Oxidative stress is associated with many kinds of chronic diseases. Antioxidants such as polyphenols are compounds that protect cells against the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species. Grape seeds are considered good resources of polyphenols, and grape seed extracts have a very strong antioxidant effect. In the present study, we established a simple gradient reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography method to determine polyphenol content from three different grape seed resources. An ODS (2), $150\;{\times}\;3.2\;mm$ column has been employed, and six polyphenols have been determined: gallic acid, protochatechuic acid, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, procyanidin B2, and epicatechin gallate. Catechin and epicatechin were the main polyphenol compounds in all three extracts. The amount of procyanidin B2 was higher in Extract 1 (from a company of China), while Extract 2 (extracted in our lab) and Extract 3 (from a company of USA) contained higher proportions of epicatechin gallate. For the total polyphenol content, Extract 1 was much higher than that of Extract 2 and 3. The results suggest that the dietary dose of grape seed extracts from different resources should be adjusted according to polyphenol content.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.362-366
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• 2009

This research was conducted to determine the effect of far-infrared ray (FIR) irradiation of grape berries as a potential application for manufacturing grape products with a high amount of antioxidant chemicals. Two grape cultivars, the red grape cv. Campbell Early and the white grape cv. Thompson Seedless, produced increased amounts of crude extracts, in the FIR treatments compared to a non-FIR treatment control with same temperature. However, total phenolic concentrations and antioxidant activity in a 'Campbell Early' increased in the extracts following FIR treatment, whereas those of 'Thompson Seedless' did not increase significantly. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated that functional components affecting antioxidant activity were significantly increased in the extract of 'Campbell Early' following FIR treatment. Our results indicate that application of FIR treatment in heat process of grapes increases levels of antioxidative phenolic chemicals and it may help to enhance the availability of antioxidative compounds in various grape food products.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.979-985
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• 2004

Effects of green tea, buckwheat, and grape leaf extracts on factors related to blood circulation were studied using rats fed high-cholesterol diet for 4 weeks. Rats were randomly divided into five groups, and plant extracts were orally administered. Green tea extract increased bleeding time in rat tails, suggesting it could prevent platelet aggregation. Administration of green tea, buckwheat, and grape leaf extracts decreased total cholesterol level in liver. Grape leaf extracts decreased thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in plasma, whereas buckwheat and grape leaf extracts decreased the substances in liver. These results showed extracts of green tea, buckwheat, and grape leaf were effective for improving lipid composition in blood and liver and inhibiting lipid peroxidation in animal tissue, suggesting they may have potential to prevent cardiovascular diseases.