• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2003

The purpose of study is to offer base data for high fluid concrete mix property, as grasp effect of aggregate to reach much more effect for producing high fluid concrete. For this study, there are three types of combined aggregates, river sand + river aggregate(type A), river sand + crusted aggregate(type B), washed sea sand + crushed aggregate(type C) and take a factor, water-contents, water-binder ratio and S/a. And so, we had following conclusion, resulting application-ability of high fluid mortar by K-slump tester to use a handy consistency measuring instrument. And so, we had following conclusion, resulting application-ability of high fluid concrete by K-slump tester to use a handy consistency measuring instrument. 1) In cafe of regular water binder ratio, high fluid concrete suffered much effect of combined aggregates and water binder ratio. Range of water binder ratio by combined aggregates is w/b 0.4 downward(type A and B), w/b 0.35 downward(type C). 2) Water contents to need for producing high fluid concrete is minimum 170kg/$\textrm{m}^3$ without regard to combined aggregates. 3) The effect of S/a on high fluid concrete by combined aggregates is approximately S/a 50% (type A and B), s/a 50-55% (type C). 4) Consistency measuring of high fluid concrete by K-slump tester is possible and first indication value, high fluid concrete can be produced, is 6~10.5cm.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2016

콘크리트 구조물은 내구성과 경제성이 확보된 건설재료이지만, 매립된 철근의 부식은 내구적인 문제뿐 아니라 구조물의 안전성에 큰 영향을 준다. 본 연구는 유리섬유와 강재를 에폭시로 일체화 시킨 FRP Hybrid Bar를 적용한 콘크리트에 대해 염해 침투 저항성과 부식수준에 따른 부착성능을 평가하였다. 이를 위해 일반 강재를 적용한 OPC(Ordinary Portland Cement)시편과 GGBFS를 30% 혼입한 시편에 대하여 부식을 0~10% 촉진하여 부착력을 평가하였다. 또한 FRP Hybrid Bar는 에폭시 코팅으로 인해 보통 상태에서는 부식 진전이 매우 작으므로 notch를 인위적으로 가하여 OPC 콘크리트에 매립시켰으며, 이후 부식실험을 수행하였다. 실험 결과, 부식된 철근의 부착력이 21% 수준으로 감소해도 FRP Hybrid Bar에 발생된 notch는 부착력에 큰 영향이 없는 것으로 평가되었다. 또한 GGBFS 콘크리트를 사용한 부재의 경우, 통과 전류가 감소하여 일반철근을 사용해도 70%이상의 부착력을 유지하고 있었다.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 3가지 수준의 재령(28일, 91일, 365일)을 고려하고 OPC 콘크리트와 GGBFS 콘크리트를 대상으로 콜드조인트 콘크리트의 탄산화 거동 및 강도특성을 평가하였다. GGBFS 콘크리트의 압축강도는 91일에서 OPC 콘크리트의 86% 수준이었으나, 지속적인 수화반응으로 인해 재령 365일 재령에서는 107%로 높게 평가되었다. 탄산화 속도계수는 91일을 기점으로 OPC 및 GGBFS 콘크리트 모두 크게 감소하였으며 콜드조인트 효과는 OPC 콘크리트에서 크게 평가되지만 GGBFS 콘크리트에서는 비슷한 수준으로 평가되었다. 콜드조인트에서 OPC 콘크리트의 경우 28일에서는 1.06배, 365일에서는 1.33배 수준으로 탄산화 속도계수가 증가하였다. 그러나 GGBFS 콘크리트의 경우 28일에서는 1.08배, 재령 365일에서는 1.04배로 큰 차이가 발생하지 않았다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.319-332
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• 2021

The performance of gene expression programming (GEP) in predicting the compressive strength of bacteria-incorporated geopolymer concrete (GPC) was examined in this study. Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), new bacterial strains, fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), metakaolin (MK), and manufactured sand were used as ingredients in the concrete mixture. For the geopolymer preparation, an 8 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution was used, and the ambient curing temperature (28℃) was maintained for all mixtures. The ratio of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) to NaOH was 2.33, and the ratio of alkaline liquid to binder was 0.35. Based on experimental data collected from the literature, an evolutionary-based algorithm (GEP) was proposed to develop new predictive models for estimating the compressive strength of GPC containing bacteria. Data were classified into training and testing sets to obtain a closed-form solution using GEP. Independent variables for the model were the constituent materials of GPC, such as FA, MK, SF, and Bacillus bacteria. A total of six GEP formulations were developed for predicting the compressive strength of bacteria-incorporated GPC obtained at 1, 3, 7, 28, 56, and 90 days of curing. 80% and 20% of the data were used for training and testing the models, respectively. R2 values in the range of 0.9747 and 0.9950 (including train and test dataset) were obtained for the concrete samples, which showed that GEP can be used to predict the compressive strength of GPC containing bacteria with minimal error. Moreover, the GEP models were in good agreement with the experimental datasets and were robust and reliable. The models developed could serve as a tool for concrete constructors using geopolymers within the framework of this research.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.71-81
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• 2022

Aluminosilicate materials as precursors are heterogenous in nature, consisting of inert and partially reactive portion, and have varying proportions depending upon source materials. It is essential to assess the reactivity of precursor prior to synthesize geopolymers. Moreover, reactivity may act as decisive factor for setting molar concentration of NaOH, curing temperature and setting proportion of different precursors. In this experimental work, the reactivities of two precursors, low calcium (fly ash (FA)) and high calcium (ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS)), were assessed through the dissolution of aluminosilicate at (i) three molar concentrations (8, 12, and 16 M) of NaOH solution, (ii) 6 to 24 h dissolution time, and (iii) 20-100℃. Based on paratermeters influencing the reactivity, different proportions of ternary binders (two precursors and ordinary cement) were activated by the combined NaOH and Na2SiO3 solutions with two alkaline activators to precursor ratios, to synthesize the geopolymer. Reactivity results revealed that GGBS was 20-30% more reactive than FA at 20℃, at all three molar concentrations, but its reactivity decreased by 32-46% with increasing temperature due to the high calcium content. Setting time of geopolymer paste was reduced by adding GGBS due to its fast reactivity. Both GGBS and cement promoted the formation of all types of gels (i.e., C-S-H, C-A-S-H, and N-A-S-H). As a result, it was found that a specified mixing proportion could be used to improve the compressive strength over 30 MPa at both the ambient and hot curing conditions.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.429-437
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• 2021

In the era of building engineering the intensification of Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) is world-shattering magnetism. It has lot of rewards over ordinary concrete i.e., enrichment in production, cutback in manpower, brilliant retort to load and vibration along with improved durability. In the present study, the mechanical strength of CM-2 (SCC containing 10% of rice husk ash (RHA) as cement replacement and 600 grams of glass fibers per cubic meter) was investigated at various dosages of cement replacement by fly ash (FA) and GGBS. A total of 17 SCC mixtures including two control SCC mixtures (CM-1 and CM-2) were developed for investigating fresh and hardened properties in which, ten ternary cementitious blends of SCC by blending OPC+RHA+FA, OPC+RHA+GGBS and five quaternary cementitious blends (OPC+RHA+FA+GGBS) at different replacement dosages of FA and GGBS were developed with reference to CM-2. For constant water-cement ratio (0.42) and dosage of SP (2.5%), the addition of glass fibers (600 grams/m³) in CM-1 i.e., CM-2 shows lower workability but higher mechanical strength. While fly ash based ternary blends (OPC+RHA+FA) show better workability but lower mechanical strength as FA content increases in comparison to GGBS based ternary blends (OPC+RHA+GGBS) on increasing GGBS content. The pattern for mixtures appeared to exhibit higher workablity as that of the concentration of FA+GGBS rises in quaternary blends (OPC+RHA+FA+GGBS). A decrease in compressive strength at 7-days was noticed with an increase in the percentage of FA and GGBS as cement replacement in ternary and quaternary blended mixtures with respect to CM-2. The highest 28-days compressive strength (41.92 MPa) was observed for mix QM-3 and the lowest (33.18 MPa) for mix QM-5.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.577-583
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 고로슬래그 미분말, 팽창재 및 무수석고로 이루어진 무기계 자기치유 소재를 사용하여 제조한 자기치유 모르타르의 특성을 조사하였다. 무기계 치유재료의 사용량이 다른 3종류의 자기치유 모르타르를 대상으로 압축강도를 측정하고 정수위 투수시험를 통하여 치유성능을 평가하였다. 치유성능 평가지표로 균열유도재령애 따른 치유율과 등가균열폭을 활용하였다. 자기치유 모르타르의 압축강도 발현, 치유재령에 따른 치유율 변화와 경제성을 고려하여 무기계 혼합재의 최적 사용량을 시멘트 질량 대비 20 %로 제안하였다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제29권4A호
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• pp.365-371
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• 2009

콘크리트 중의 염화물이온 확산특성의 평가는 농도 차에 의한 방법이 보통이지만, 이 방법은 보통 수개월에서 수년으로 많은 시간이 소요된다. 따라서 최근의 연구는 주로 전위차를 이용하여 염화물이온의 이동을 전기적으로 촉진시켜 전기화학적 이론으로 해석하는 촉진 염화물 확산계수 평가 방법들이 주로 연구되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 다양한 촉진시험 방법 중 하나인 Tang 등의 방법을 이용하여 구한 염화물이온 확산계수와 인공해수 침지시험을 통하여 구한 농도차 염화물이온 확산계수와의 비교 평가를 실시하였다. 포틀랜드시멘트 콘크리트 및 고로슬래그미분말을 시멘트 질량의 40 및 60% 혼합한 고로슬래그미분말 혼합 콘크리트에 대하여 각각 물-결합재비 40, 45, 50 및 60%로 하여 촉진 염화물이온 침투깊이 및 염화물이온의 확산계수를 평가하였다. 염화물이온의 확산계수 및 침투깊이는 시멘트의 수화가 진행될수록, 물-결합재비가 작을수록 크게 감소하였다. 또한 시험 방법별 염화물이온 확산계수의 회귀분석 결과에 의하면, 촉진 및 침지시험으로부터 구한 염화물이온의 확산계수 사이에는 선형함수 형태의 상관관계가 있었으며 결정계수 0.96으로 좋은 상관성을 나타내었다.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.155-167
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• 2023

The penetrated chloride in concrete has different behavior with mix proportions and local exposure conditions, even in the same environments, so that it is very important to quantify surface chloride contents for durability design. As well known, the surface chloride content which is a key parameter like external loading in structural safety design increases with exposure period. In this study, concrete samples containing OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement), GGBFS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag), and FA (Fly Ash) had been exposed to submerged, tidal, and splash area for 5 years, then the surface chloride contents changing with exposure period were evaluated. The surface chloride contents were obtained from the chloride profile based on the Fick's 2nd Law, and the regression analysis for them was performed with exponential and square root function. After exposure period of 5 years in submerged and tidal area conditions, the surface chloride content of OPC concrete increased to 6.4 kg/m³ - 7.3 kg/m³, and the surface chloride content of GGBFS concrete was evaluated as 7.3 kg/m³ - 11.5 kg/m³. In the higher replacement ratio of GGBFS, the higher surface chloride contents were evaluated. The surface chloride content in FA concrete showed a range of 6.7 kg/m³ to 9.9 kg/m³, which was the intermediate level of OPC and GGBFS concrete. In the case of splash area, the surface chloride contents in all specimens were from 0.59 kg/m³ to 0.75 kg/m³, which was the lowest of all exposure conditions. Experimental constants available for durability design of chloride ingress were derived through regression analysis over exposure period. In the concrete with GGBFS replacement ratio of 50%, the increase rate of surface chloride contents decreased rapidly as the water to binder ratio increased.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.303-316
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• 2023

Using industrial wastes and construction and demolition (C&D) wastes is potentially advantageous for concrete production in terms of sustainability improvement. In this paper, a sustainable Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) made with industrial wastes and C&D wastes was proposed by considerably replacing natural counterparts with recycled coarse aggregates (RCAs) and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) (i.e., Fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and silica fume (SF)). A total of 12 SCC mixes with various RCAs and different combination SCMs were prepared, which comprise binary, ternary and quaternary mixes. The mechanical properties in terms of compressive strength and static elasticity modulus of recycled aggregates (RA-SCC) mixes were determined and analyzed. Microstructural study was implemented to analyze the reason of improvement on mechanical properties. By means of life cycle assessment (LCA) method, the environmental impacts of RA-SCC with various RCAs and SCMs were quantified, analyzed and compared in the system boundary of "cradle-to-gate". In addition, the comparison of LCA results with respect to mechanical properties was conducted. The results demonstrate that the addition of proposed combination SCMs leads to significant improvement in mechanical properties of quaternary RA-SCC mixes with FA, GGBS and SF. Furthermore, quaternary RA-SCC mixes emit lowest environmental burdens without compromising mechanical properties. Thus, using the combination of FA, GGBS and SF as cement substitution to manufacture RA-SCC significantly improves the sustainability of SCC by minimizing the depletion of cement and non-renewable natural resources.