• 상하수도학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2010

This study was performed to increase the removal efficiency of the biofilter packed with granular sulfur in municipal wastewater reclamation facility. Constituent units were influent water tank, denitrification tank, BOD reduction tank and outlet. And, the major operation factor is a biofilter packed with submerged granular sulfur. Actual wastewater and synthetic wastewater were used as influent wastewater. Experimental condition was divided into two phases according to the amount of a phosphorus coagulant. Total phosphorus removal efficiency was insignificant at mode I that phosphorus coagulant was not injected. The average influent and effluent total phosphorus concentrations at mode II were 0.5 ~ 1.0 mg/L and 0.27 mg/L, respectively. As for COD and BOD effluent concentrations, COD was 3.0 mg/L and BOD was 1.0 mg/L. Additionally, nitrogen removal rates were high at low influent DO concentration. In conclusion, a new process, biofilter packed with granular sulfur is expected to treat high-rate nitrogen wastewater and expected to be utilized as an alternative of technological innovation for the nitrogen treatment.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.720-727
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• 2005

This study was performed to advance nitrogen removal efficiency by employing an single biofilter packed with granular sulfur, which consists of nitrification occurring at upper part and denitrification at lower part of the reactor. Continuos nitrification/denitrification was carried out with different alkalinity sources, which were $NaHCO_3$ and $CaCO_3$(limestone). In the downflow nitrification/denitrification biofilter packed with granular sulfur, first, terms for nitrogen removal was decided. As results, nitrification and denitrification rate with NaHCO3 at 0.85 kg $NH_4^+-N/m^3{\cdot}d$ were accomplished $0.80kg\;N/m_3{\cdot}d$, $0.43kg\;N/m^3{\cdot}d$, respectively. In the sulfur/limestone packed downflow nitrification/denitrification biofilter, sulfur and limestone were mixed packed, preliminary test showed sulfur/limestone mixing ratio was 3:1 and that was ideal. In the result, nitrification and denitrification rate at $0.7kg\;NH_4^+-N/m^3{\cdot}d$ were accomplished$0.65kg\;N/m^3{\cdot}d$, $0.34kg\;N/m^3{\cdot}d$, respectively. In general, employing granular sulfur can be implemented for only denitrification, but this system can accomplish nitrification as well as denitrification in a single reactor even though low carbon concentration was present in influent limiting to nutrient removal process. This biofilter system of limestone and granular sulfur packed together can successfully apply for nutrient removal effectively.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.383-390
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• 2011

In this study, a process combined biofiltration with sulfur-utilizing autotrophic denitrification and membrane separation was proposed to examine the efficiency of nitrogen removal. As an experimental device, hollow-fiber module was installed in the center of reactor to generate the flux forward sulfur layer in the cylinder packed with granular sulfur. In addition, a simple module was installed in activated sludge aeration tank which inside and outside of sulfur-using denitrification module was covered with microfilter and the module was considered as an alternative of clarifier. The experiment for developing new MBR process was carried out for three years totally. As the results of first two-year experiment, successful nitrogen removal performance was revealed with lab-scale test and pliot scale plant using artificial wastewater and actual plating wastewater. In this year, pilot scale test using actual domestic wastewater was performed to prove field applicability. As the results, high-rate nitrogen removal performance was confirmed with about 0.19 kg ${NO_3}^--N/m^3$ day of rate. Also significant fouling and pressure increase were not found during the experiment. And, the production ratio of sulfate and the consumption ratio of alkalinity showed a slightly higher value about 311 mg ${SO_4}^{2-}/L$ and 369 mg $CaCO_3$/L, respectively. In conclusion, the developed MBR process can be utilized as an alternative for retrofiting existing wastewater plants as well as new construction of advanced sewage wastewater treatment plants, with cost-effective merit.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.519-526
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• 2006

In this study, the major operating factors in SND(simultaneous nitrification and denitrification) using bioreactor packed with submerged cilia media and granular sulfur such as variation of nitrification rate, organic matter removal efficiency and denitrification efficiency in different DO concentration were mainly evaluated. Synthetic wastewater and actual sewage were used as influent wastewater. Experiment with synthetic wastewater as influent wastewater was divided into three phases with the adjustment of DO concentration. As the results, nitrification efficiency and T-N removal efficiency in the Phase 3(DO 1.0~2.0 mg/L) were 99% and 52.3%, which is significantly greater than those in other two phases. Also, loading rate and denitrification efficiency of SCPGS(Submerged Cilia media Packed with Granular Sulfur) were calculated as $0.44kg\;NO_3^--N/m^3-day$ and 50%, respectively. On the other hand, nitrification rate was decreased from 99% to 64% according to the DO concentration with the variation from 3.0~3.5 mg/L(phase1) to 0.4~0.6mg/L(phase2). Although the nitrification rate was decreased in 64% according to the variation of the DO concentration, T-N removal rate was rapidly increased to 49% by increasing of the denitrification efficiency. Experiment with actual sewage as influent wastewater was carried out to evaluate efficiency of SCPGS in real operation condition of full-scale sewage water treatment plant. At the time, T-N removal rate in this experiment and full-scale wastewater treatment plants were given by 43% and 20%, respectively. The above results indicate that SCPGS can be used as an advanced treatment process for economical efficiency considered.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.200-208
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• 2005

In this study, a new submerged membrane bioreactor process packed with granular sulfur (MBR-GS) was operated to identify the biological nitrogen removal behaviors with plating wastewater containing high-strength $NO_3{^-}$ concentration. The continuous denitrification was carried out at $20^{\circ}C$ with various nitrogen loading rates using synthetic wastewater, which composed of $NO_3{^-}$ and $HCO_3{^-}$, but also actual plating wastewater, which was collected from the effluent of the H metal plating company. As a result, high-rate denitrification in the range of $0.8kg\;NO_3{^-}-N/m^3\;day$ was accomplished at nitrogen loading rate of $0.9kg\;NO_3{^-}-N/m^3\;day$ using synthetic wastewater. Also, higher-rate denitrification with actual plating wastewater was achieved up to $0.91kg\;NO_3{^-}-N/m^3\;day$ at the loading rate of $1.11kg\;NO_3{^-}-N/m^3\;day$. Additionally, continuous filtration was possible during up to 30 days without chemical cleaning in the range of 20 cmHg of transmembrane pressure. On the basis of the proposed stoichiometry, ${SO_4}^{2-}$ production could be estimated efficiently, while observed alkalinity consumption was somewhat lower than theoretical value. Consequently, a new process, MBR-GS is capable of high-rate autotrophic denitrification by compulsive flux and expected to be utilized as an alternative of renovation techniques for nitrogen removal from not only plating wastewater but also municipal wastewater with low C/N ratio.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.619-627
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• 2012

In order to determine reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) when the submerged membrane bioreactor with granular sulfur (MBR-GS) is used in wastewater treatment plant (WTP), the amount of GHGs was compared and analyzed in the advanced treatment process of P wastewater treatment plant (WTP). The amount of GHGs was estimated by classifying as construction and operation phase in WTP. The amount of GHGs in construction phase was evaluated from multiplying raw materials by using carbon emission factors. Also the amount of GHGs in operating phase was calculated by using total electricity consumption and carbon emission factor. The construction of anoxic tank and secondary settling tank is unnecessary, because the MBR-GS conducts simultaneously the nitrification and denitrification in aeration tank and filtration by hollow fiber membrane. The amount of $CO_2$, $CH_4$, and $N_2O$ emitted by constructing the MBR-GS was 6.44E+06 kg, 8.16E+03 kg and 1.38E+01 kg, respectively. The result shows that the GHGs was reduced about 47 % as compared with the construction in the MLE process. In operating the MBR-GS, the electricity is not required in the biological reactor and secondary setting tank. Thus, the amount of $CO_2$, $CH_4$, and $N_2O$ emitted by operating in the MBR-GS was 7.39E+05 kg/yr, 5.80E+02 kg/yr and 2.44E+00 kg/yr, respectively. The result shows that the GHGs were reduced about 37 % as compared with the operation in the MLE process. Also, $LCCO_2$(Life Cycle $CO_2$) was compared and analyzed between MLE process and MBR-GS. The amount of $LCCO_2 $emitted from the MLE process and MBR-GS was 3.56E+04 ton $CO_2$ and 2.12E+04 ton $CO_2$, respectively. The result shows that the GHGs in MBR-GS were reduced to about 40 % as compared in the MLE process during life cycle. As a result, sulfur-utilizing autotrophic denitrification process (SADP) is expected to be utilized as the cost-effective advanced treatment process, owing to not only high nitrogen removal efficiency but also the GHGs reduction in construction and operation stage.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.1473-1480
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• 2011

퍼클로레이트($ClO_4^-$)는 지표수 및 토양/지하수에서 검출되는 오염물이다. 미생물은 퍼클로레이트를 무해한 최종산물로 환원시킬 수 있으므로 퍼클로레이트제거는 미생물을 이용한 방법이 가장 적절한 것으로 알려졌다. 미생물이 퍼클로레이트를 환원시키기 위해서는 전자 공여체가 필요하다. 퍼클로레이트를 환원하기 위한 기존의 기술들은 전자 공여체로서 유기물을 사용하는 종속영양방식의 퍼클로레이트환원세균을 사용한다. 그래서 종속영양 방식으로 퍼클로레이트를 연속 제거하기 위해서는 지속적으로 유기물을 공급해야 하므로 처리비용이 많이 든다. 본 연구에서는 원소 황 입자와 활성 슬러지를 이용하여 독립영양방식의 퍼클로레이트제거가능성을 조사하였다. 입자상 황은 비교적 값이 저렴하고 활성 슬러지는 하수처리장으로부터 쉽게 구할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 회분배양 실험결과 활성 슬러지 미생물은 전자 공여체로서 황 입자가 존재할 때 퍼클로레이트를 제거할 수 있다는 것이 증명되었다. 이러한 퍼클로레이트 분해는 퍼클로레이트가 분해됨에 따라 생성되는 Cl-의 몰 농도를 통해 검증할 수 있었다. 독립영양방식의 $ClO_4^-$ 제거공정에 사용된 황 입자의 표면에 간균 형태의 미생물들이 존재한다는 것을 주사전자현미경을 통해 관찰하였다. 그래서 황 입자가 생물막을 형성하기 위한 담체로도 작용할 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 황입자가 첨가된 $ClO_4^-$ 분해성 농화 배양으로부터 채취한 생물막의 미생물군집조성은 접종균으로 사용된 활성 슬러지의 그것과는 다름이 DGGE 분석결과 나타났다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.231-239
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 인공 폐수에 포함된 고농도의 ${NO_3}^--N$을 제거하기 위해 황 산화 독립영양 탈질공정으로 sulfur-$CaCO_3$ 복합담체를 이용하여 탈질효율을 평가하였다 sulfur-$CaCO_3$ 복합 담체를 반응기(R4)에 충진하였다. 유입수 중 ${NO_3}^--N$ 부하량이 $200{\sim}1000g/m^3{\cdot}day$일 때 sulfur-$CaCO_3$ 복합 담체를 충진한 반응기의 탈질효율은 95.0% 이상의 높은 탈질효율을 보였다. 특히 ${NO_3}^--N$의 부하량이 $1000g/m^3{\cdot}day$일 때의 R4의 평균 ${NO_3}^--N$ 제거율은 98.7%로 sulfur-$CaCO_3$ 복합 담체를 충진한 반응기가 다른 반응기보다 높은 탈질 효율을 보였다. $Ca^{2+}$와 알칼리도의 분석을 통해, 각 반응기에 충진된 $CaCO_3$에 의한 알칼리도 공급량을 보면 다른 반응기 보다 sulfur-$CaCO_3$ 복합 담체를 충진한 반응기에 존재하는 $CaCO_3$가 매우 효과적으로 해리되면서 알칼리도를 공급하였다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이렇게 효과적으로 알칼리도가 공급되면서 황 산화 독립영양 탈질 과정에서 발생된 $H^+$에 의해 저하된 pH를 보정하고 탈질 미생물의 탄소원을 공급하여 다른 반응기보다 높은 탈질 효율을 보인 것이다. ESEM을 사용하여 Sulfur-$CaCO_3$ 복합 담체의 표면을 측정한 결과 황담체 표면보다는 sulfur-$CaCO_3$ 복합 담체의 표면에 많은 공극이 존재하여 미생물이 부착 할 수 있는 표면적이 증가되어 많은 미생물이 부착할 수 있어 탈질 효율을 증가시키게 된다. 결론적으로 sulfur-$CaCO_3$ 복합담체를 이용한 황 산화 독립영양 탈질공정은 고농도의 ${NO_3}^--N$을 효과적으로 처리할 수 있었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 1999

In spite of low energy requirement, and operation and construction cost, biofilters with soil beds have not been operated efficiently. Because of excess moisture in winter and rainy periods, saturated pores in the bed prevent passage and sorption of odorous compounds. Sometimes this results in septic conditions that release previously sorbed and oxidized sulfur. Therefore, an economical and effective alternative needs to be developed. The objectives of this study were to confirm applicability of the granular scrap tires with compost for treating odorous gas as well as to obtain optimum design parameters for proposed system. In lab-scaled test, multiple stage reactors had lower headloss than a single stage reactor and less headloss was occurred for the gas with higher moisture content. For practical purpose, pilot-scaled reactor was operated to remove odor from septic tank, manure and animal wastewater treatment plant and composting machine. According to the results of pilot scaled test, $H_2S$ can be always removed completely and ammonia/amine can be removed excellently when proper moisture content is provided. The results from lab and pilot test showed that granular scrap tire could be replaced with soil as supporting material for biofilter showed excellent drainage because of its ability to reject moisture.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.439-446
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• 2009

This study was performed to evaluate SND(simultaneous nitrification and denitrification)efficiency, nitrogen removal efficiency and filtration function of non-woven fabric by using submerging MBR packed with granular sulfur covered with non-woven fabric filter. Synthetic wastewater was used as influent wastewater. Concentration of $NH_4{^+}-N$ in influent was maintained about 40 mg/L and the experiment was performed in four phases according to the flow rate. Nitrogen loading rate divided four phases ranging from $0.04 kg\;NH_4{^+}-N/m^3-day$ to $0.16 kg\;NH_4{^+}-N/m^3-day$. As a result, the maximum $NH_4{^+}-N$ removal rate was accomplished at $0.142 kg\;NH_4{^+}-N/m^3-day$ in nitrogen loading of $0.147 kg\;NH_4{^+}-N/m^3-day$. Nitrification efficiency was higher than 95% in all phases. $NO_3{^-}-N$ loading rate was adjusted ranging from $0.22 kg\;NO_3{^-}-N/m^3-day$ to $0.89 kg\;NO_3{^-}-N/m^3-day$. The maximum $NO_3{^-}-N$ removal rate was accomplished up to $0.71 kg\;NO_3{^-}-N/m^3-day$ in $NO_3{^-}-N$ loading of $0.89 kg\;NO_3{^-}-N/m^3-day$. The maximum $NO_3{^-}-N$ removal efficiency was 95% in $NO_3{^-}-N$ loading of $0.22 kg\;NO_3{^-}-N/m^3-day$. T-N removal rate was 90% and concentration of T-N in effluent was 3.7 mg/L in T-N loading rate of $0.039 kg\;NO_3{^-}-N/m^3-day$. In this study, TMP in reactor with and without non-woven fabric filter were observed to define fouling of hollow-fiber membrane module. Reaching time to standard washing pressure(22 cm Hg) of two reactors were 29 days with non-woven fabric But the reactor without non-woven fabric reached standard washing pressure only after 4 days. Accordingly, non-woven fabric was demonstrated the superiority as a filtration ability. With high nitrogen removal rate and decreasing of fouling of membrane, MBR packed with granular sulfur covered with non-woven fabric filter submerging in activated sludge aeration tank can be used as an advanced treatment process.