• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.117-129
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• 2018

Dongmag beach area contains diverse geological and geomorphological outcrops which can be used for geotourism purposes. They are as follows; headland with granodiorite with plenty of enclaves and sandy beach, which is fed from Manisan with well-developed sheeting joints composed of granite and granodiorite. Weathered material from the hillside feedsthe one and only sandy beach in Ganghwado Island. Weathered outcrop at the hillside behind beach exposes typical spherical weathering also. Bunori Dondae Fort which was built on top of sea cliff with granodiorite has plenty of history and cultural values commands an extraordinary view of tidal flats and coastal landforms. This geosite with high geodiversity can be used for interpreters who provide balanced views of nature conservation.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.53-70
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• 2020

Silgyeong sansuhwa (Realistic landscape paintings) are drawn in Korea since 17th century. It has characteristics of more realistic description of landscape than painting from previous periods. Kim Hong Do's 'Haedong Myeongsan docheop (The album of paintings of famous mountains in Korea)' has been recognized as fine example of realistic description of geomorphic landscapes. Kim Hong Do and Kim Eung hwan did official travel to Gwandong and Geumgangsan area by order of King Jeongjo in 1788. As a result of that travel they draw about 100 piece of landscape painting. About 60 pieces of the paintings are still remaining. These are open to public by Korea National Museum in 1996. 14 pieces of painting, Daegwanryeong and Gangneung, Gyeongpo-dae, Hohae-jeong, Gahak-jeong, Cheonggan-jeong, Mun-am, Mangyang-jeong, Wolsong-jeong, Neungpa-dae, Naksan-sa, Mureung-gye, Gyejo-gul, and Hyeonjong-am, are analysed in this study. Coastal depositional landforms, like lagoon, sand beach and spit or barriers, erosional forms, like sea stack, sea cliff and sea cave, depicted in the paintings are analysed. In addition, structural landforms, colluvial landform and bedrock incision form by the running water in mountain area were analysed and weathered forms of granite and excursion to karst cave also discussed. It is found that sea arch in the printing destroyed since 1788, though exact position and reason is still unknown. There are strong need for discovery and identification of geomorphic landscape resources, for applied geomorphological studies and for prepare educational materials for non-face-to-face education. It also be emphasized that it can be used of the course work materials for future education using augmented reality and virtual reality technology.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.24-37
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• 2005

In this study we examined the geomorphological and geological characteristics of the granite landforms in the Iksan area. Moreover we investigated the source areas of stones which are used to build the Mieruksaji west stone pagoda. Joint is most identifiable geomorphological and geological structure in the Iksan area. Direction of J1 joint appears to be N71°E∼EW, and that of J2 joint ranges N20°W∼N20°E. Cross-pattern joint is predominant in the study area, and linen.-pattern vertical joint is also observed. Tor and corestone are easily found as geomorphological features in the study area. Corestones forming for are almost 2∼3 m across and 2∼3 m or over 5 m high. Their hardness is mainly of hammer bounce. Tower-type and castle-type of for are characteristic in the Mireuksan granites. Other geomorphological features such as tafoni, gnamma are also observed in the study area. Petrographical and geochemical features of the stones used for the Mireuksaji west stone pagoda are compared with those of the granites cropped out nearby, and indicate that the stones from the Mieruksaji west stone pagoda are quite similar to the Mireuksan granites. In the Mireuksan we can easily find lots of old traces for rock cutting.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.15-28
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• 2013

This paper was made on the basis of geotourism to explain morphological characteristics of Patagonia and Atacama region in the Andes through 10-day fieldwork. The Patagonian landscape was focused on the Torres del Paine National Park, Chile and the Los Glacier National Park, Argentina; on the other hand, the Atacama morphological landscape was investigated around the San Pedro de Atacama. Many geomorphological features such as uplift, semiarid and glacier landscapes can be found in Patagonia, so it is strongly recommended to have an opportunity to enjoy these landforms by geotourism. Massive intrusive rock bodies of granite can be shown in those two National Parks declared a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO. And, the Atacama Desert located on the forearc depression in the Andes, Chile has also many geomorphological destinations of arid and volcanic landforms; badland, pediplain, pediment, salt lake and geyser. Especially, huge pediplain is one of the greatest view points in the Atacama Desert. Patagonia and Atacama are the best geographical tourism sites to know diverse tectonic landforms made by the conflict between South American and Pacific plates.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.224-239
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• 2009

This study analyzes the properties of fluvial landforms in the upper and lower reaches and investigates the evolutions of stream and fluvial terrace in the Odae river basin. The lower basin of the river that consist of sedimentary rocks resistant to weathering and erosion processes shows higher altitude, relief and slope than the upper basin that consist of granite less resistant to weathering and erosion processes. The average width of river valley at the lower reaches is one-third to the upper reaches and the average width of river channel at the lower reaches is narrower than at the upper reaches. Based on the OSL age dating, the fluvial terrace T1 formed at the temperature-rising period during the late MIS 2 and T2 formed at the middle MIS 3, interstadial period during the last glacial period. Based on the these results, the average incision rates of Odae river are calculated as 0.205m/ka and 0.269m/ka at the upper granite area and lower sedimentary rocks area, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.106-127
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• 1996

In Korea, modern geomorphology has developed as one of main subjects in geography, such as in Europe. Geomorphology is one of the most advanced specialties in the geography dicipline, since foundation of Korean Geographical Society in 1945. Untill 1960's study, first generation of the Korean geomorphologists trained the younger ones, together with energetic research activities. Their great works in education and research established the base of ulterier development of the geomorphology in Korea. Since 1970s, research manpower and quality has incresed rapidly, partly due to the various international activities and cooperations of Korean geomorphologists. Owing to above development, Korean geomorphologist was able to found "The Geomorphological Association of Korea" in 1990 and publish "Journal of GAK", since 1994. Furthermore, geomorphologists are playing important roles in interdisciplinary academic societies, such as "The Korean Quaternary Assocition". Still 1960s, our research had focused on the identification and interpretation of erosional surfaces in Korea Peninsular. Of course, W.M. Davis's "Geographical Cycle Theory" and L.C. King's "Pedimentation Theory" had a great influence on the Koerans' works. After 1970s, the study of erosional surface played the important role in setting up the morphoclimatic viewpoint and methodology. Research scope tend to be notably broad and various than it was untill 1960's. Disposotion of the scientific methods and techniques become more and more apparent. These trends of research has settled precise descreption and interpretation of actual landforms, based on the careful field works, scientific measuring, and analisis, rather than methodology focused on the particular master theories. Recent geomorphological researches show the scope from climatic geomorphology and Quaternary geomorphology to granite and limestone weathering, pedo-geomorphogenic environment and periglacial landforms, focused on the small-to-medium scales. And then there have been new trying to interprete erosional surfaces such as hillslopes and terraces. Also, studies of coastal and plain landforms have been successfully developed. Recent new trends show the quantitative and analytic modelling using field measurement and laboratory work, and study on the human impacts on the natural landforms.y on the human impacts on the natural landforms.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.440-452
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• 2005

The granites in the Gyeongju area are represented by the Namsan granites and the Tohamsan granodiorites. In this study I examined the geomorphological and geological characteristics of the granite landforms in the Gyeongju area. Joint, tor and corestones are most identifiable geomorphological and geological structure in the study areas. Tor in the Namsan granites is well developed and mainly composed of cubic corestones. Petrographical features of the stones used for the stone-built cultural properties are compared with those of the granites cropped out nearby. Additionally radiogenic element contents (K, Th, U) were acquired for comparison by gamma-ray spectrometer analysis. Most stones from the stone-built cultural properties in the Bulguksa Temple are very similar to the Namsan granites in terms of petrography, radiogenic elements. On the contrary almost all stones from the Seokguram Grotto share common petrographical, physical and chemical characteristics with the Tohamsan granodiorites. Therefore it can be suggested that the stones in the Bulguksa Temple were supplied from Namsan, and that the stones in the Seokgurarn Grotto were collected at nearby Tohamsan.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• no.68
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• pp.99-120
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• 2005

It is a wrong decision to use only topographic and geological maps for the study of pediment morphology in Korea. For the study of pediment morphology it is necessary to survey the earth structure by field techniques. In Korea, pediments are mostly found in granite areas with hardrock cover. But, pediments also developed in gneiss areas and what is worse in limestone areas. So, all areas in Korea developed pediment morphology. Only in South Korea pediments show a direction from south to north or from west to east. They developed only in right angles to each other, either parallel or in right angles to the strike, depending on the bedrock structure. Pediments are found in two levels. The upper level pediments are correlated with the lower level erosion surface. Besides this pediments are found in Hoenggye-ri of the Taegwolryong area in a third level 800m above sea level. The pediments developed in basins, at the lower margins of steep slopes dividing three levels of erosion surfaces and around the residual mountains on the erosion surfaces. The first belong to the early stage of pedimentation, the second to the middle stage and the third to the last stage. Also, in Korea monadnock and residual mountain have developed the pediments are correlated the slope of the hinter mountains. Akagki states that the only pedimentation times have been times of arid climate and that they are dissected by gulley erosion with climatic change, but writer's study proves that pedimentation takes place with eustatic movement, reckless defore-station and convectional rain. These facts indicate that the landforms, geological character and process of erosional cycle of the pediments in Korea resemble much those in the Chugoku Mountains of south wertern Japan, but they are larger in scale than those in the Chugoku Mountains. In conclusion, while Akagki emphasizes the geological character and climatic change in pedimentation, the writer studies prove that eustatic movements, especially the sea level rise after the Wurm age are important factors for pedimentation. Besides this the author's studies allow a classification of gentle slopes.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.261-272
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• 2014

Over the last three decades, advances in AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) and Noble Gas Mass Spectrometer make various application of terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (CNs) to wide range of earth surface sciences possible. Dating techniques can be divided into three sub-approaches: simple surface exposure dating, depth-profile dating, and burial dating, depending on the condition of targeted surfaces. In terms of Korean landscape view, CNs dating can be applied to fluvial and marine terrace, alluvial fan, tectonic landform (fault scarp and faulted surfaces), debris landforms such as rock fall, talus, block field and stream, lacustrine and marine wave-cut platform, cave deposits, Pliocene basin fill and archaeological sites. In addition, in terms of lithology, the previous limit to quartz-rich rocks such as granite and gneiss can be expanded to volcanic and carbonate rocks with the help of recent advances in CNs analysis in those rocks.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.51-68
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• 2012

This paper aims to investigate the value in culture, history and ecology of the Mt. Palgong. It attempts to build the strategy for making use of The Mt. Palgong by literature survey, interview, and field survey. The main results are as follows: 1) The boundary of physical geography of the Mt. Palgong is classified into two. The boundary of the Mt. Palgong limits to granite mass block in a narrow sense, while in a broad sense, the boundary of the Mt. Palgong includes a contact aureole to be bordered on the Mt. Palgong granite mass block. The boundary from a cultural viewpoint limits to Daegu city(excluding Dalseong county) and Gyeongsan city, Yeongcheon city, Gunwi county and Chilgok (Dongmyeong-myeon, Giseong-myeon) in Gyeongbuk province. 2) In the geological boundary, one of the south-west slope is clearer than that of the north-east slope of the Mt. Palgong. The landforms such as tor, sheeting joint and gutter are well developed as a whole. Mountain landform such as boulder stream, polygonal cracking is relatively well developed on the south-west slope, while river landform is relatively well developed on the north-east slope of the Mt. Palgong. 3) It is necessary to develope various masterpiece of interesting stories related to Mt. Palgong in order to make the Mt. Palgong excellent tour complex. 4) It is desirable to designate the Mt. Palgong as a national park for systematic management. A master plan should be ultimately designed to raise brand value of Daegu city, and make good identity of the city by restoring 'The Mt. Palgong Jecheondan' and registering 'Gatbawi' as world heritage. 5) It is reasonable that the method of development in The Mt. Palgong should be based on the pattern of 'slow life town'. 'The Mt. Palgong museum' will then be designed to give visitors all the informations on The Mt. Palgong.