• 영어어문교육
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• 제6호
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• pp.159-178
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• 2000

In systemic grammar an English clause is analysed simultaneously from the point view of its ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function. This study deals with only the ideational function of the three functions, which accounts for the underlying content of a clause. Transitivity is the subsystem of the ideational function. It specifies the different types of process that are recongnized in the language and the structures by which they are expressed. The purpose of the paper is to describe the transitivity of English clause on the basis of systemic approach. For this we analyzed the three subsystems of transitivity which are physical process, mental process and relational process in the form of features. And we described the sets of the features of the three different types of process in English clause in the framework of the system network.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.177-196
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• 2001

정보사회의 중심이 되는 정보네트워크로서 인터넷은 사회의 커뮤니케이션 도구의 역할을 하고 있으며 인터넷을 통한 언어사용은 더 이상 피할 수 없는 현실인 것이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 인터넷상의 언어사용에 대한 이론적 근거를 마련하고, 현재 나타나고 있는 인터넷상의 부적절한 언어사용 실태를 '음운ㆍ표기', '문법', '어휘ㆍ의미'로 나누어 조사$\cdot$분석하였으며, 그 결과를 바탕으로 '디지털적 사고', '이용자 추이', '네티켓과 정보교육' 등이 토론되었다.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.381-388
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• 2020

본 논문의 목적은 주로 사회언어학과 화용론 분야에서 연구되어 온 영어 '헤지(Hedges)' 혹은 헤지표현을 형태통사적 관점과 화용적 관점을 연관지어 논의하는 것이다. 일반적으로, '헤지표현이 없는 자연언어는 없다'는 추론이 가능한데, 그것은 어떤 자연언어에나 공손성, 혹은 화자가 청자보다 낮은 자세로 말하고자 하는 문법기제가 있음이 널리 인정되고 있기 때문이다. 헤지에 대한 기존의 이론적 연구는 주로 화용적 관점에서 헤지의 유형 분류와 화용적 기능, 그리고 출현빈도 비교 등의 수준에 그치고 있다. 즉, 헤지표현을 형태통사적 개념인 자질로 나타내려는 시도는 거의 발견되지 않는다. 언어현상으로서의 헤지는 유무에 따라, 화용부와 통사부의 접합면에서 [+hedged]와 [-hedged]로 이분지화 가능하며, 이 화용자질은 형태통사부와 상호작용 하므로 협의의 통사부에서 분리될 수 없다. 본 논문에서, 헤지는 공손성이 표현되는 화용자질로서, 그 자질이 표시되는 접합면 영역이 구조적으로 있음을 지적하였다. 즉, CP+층위가 화용자질인 헤지자질이 인코딩되는 영역임을 제안하였다. 최근에는 범언어적 관점에서 혹은 영어교육의 학술적 EFL/ESL 글쓰기, 또는 담화분석 등에 헤지 표현의 식별 여부나 용례를 연구하는 경향이 있다. 본 논문은 그동안 간과되어온 동등접속문, 병렬종속문, 부분사 구문 등을 헤지에 포함시키고, 보다 구조적이고 이분지적(±)인 방식을 제안함으로서, 제2언어습득의 이해, 글로벌 커뮤니케이션 혹은 인공지능 자연언어 알고리즘에 화용 자질을 도입할 수 있는 구조적이고 이론적인 기반을 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제3호
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• pp.13-42
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• 1997

The purpose that the curriculum appropriate for the student's level pursues is to offer to a student the curriculum that can satisfy the student's interest, aptitude, and requirements. This curriculum has recently enforced all over the country, but the careful research and the plan for verification on its effect are required so that it may accomplish its purpose. This study, centered on the reading comprehension ability of Freshman English of the High School, aims to suggest a more desirable procedure for organizing and enforcing the curriculum appropriate for the students' level. In order to provide the best curriculum appropriate for the student's level. (1) the diagnosis of the individual student's level should be made first ; (2) the syllabus focused both on the grammar and on the communicative functions should be prepared ; (3) the teaching material on the basis of the syllabus should be selected considering the student's interest. and requirements. The new method of teaching-learning English should also be developed with the enforcement of the new curriculum discussed here. The curriculum appropriate for the student's level has many kinds of problems but these disadvantages should be overcome for providing the better educational system for the individual student.

• 한국어교육
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-23
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• 2012

The development of corpus in recent years has attracted increased research on spoken Korean. Nevertheless, these research outcomes are yet to be meaningfully and adequately reflected in Korean language textbooks. The reported speech marker '-dae' is one of these areas that need more attention. This study investigates whether or not in textbooks '-dae' is clearly explained to English-speaking learners to prevent confusion and misuse. Based on a contrastive analysis of Korean and English, this study argues three points: Firstly, '-dae' should be introduced to Korean learners as an independent sentence ender rather than a contracted form of '-dago hae'. Secondly, it is necessary to teach English-speaking learners that '-dae' is not equivalent to the English report speech form. It functions more or less as a third person marker in Korean. Learners should be informed that '-dae' is used for statements in English, if those statements were hearsay but the source of information does not need to be specified. This is a very distinctive difference between Korean and English and should be emphasized in class when 'dae' is taught. Thirdly, '-dae' should be introduced before indirect speech constructions, because it is mainly used in simple statements and the frequency of '-dae' is very high in spoken Korean.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권2호
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• pp.311-323
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• 2023

Beef consumers valued meat quality traits such as texture, tenderness, juiciness, flavor, and meat color that determining consumers' purchasing decision. Most research on meat quality has focused on marbling, a key characteristic related to meat eating quality. However, other important traits such as meat texture, tenderness, and color have not much studied in cattle. Among these traits, meat tenderness and texture of cattle are among the most important factors affecting quality evaluation of consumers. Collagen is the main component of connective tissues.It greatly affects meat tenderness. The objective of this study was to determine significant variants and candidate genes associated with collagen contents trait (total collagen) through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Phenotypic and genomic data from 135 Hanwoo were used. The BLUPF90 family program and GRAMMAR method for GWAS were applied in this study. A total of 73 potential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showed significant associations with collagen content. They were located in or near 108 candidate genes. TMEM135 and ME3 genes were identified to have the most significant SNPs associated with collagen contents trait. Data indicated that these genes were related to collagen. Biological processes and pathways for the prediction of biological functions of candidate genes were confirmed. We found that candidate genes were involved in positive regulation of CREB transcription factor activity and actin cytoskeleton related to tenderness and texture of beef. Three genes (CRTC3, MYO1C and MYLK4) belonging to these biological functions were related to tenderness. These results provide a basis for improving genomic characteristics of Hanwoo for the production of tender beef. Furthermore, they could be used they could be used as an index to select desired traits for consumers.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.635-644
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• 2020

이 논문은 독일어 커뮤니케이션에서 나타나는 공손의 유형과 기능을 토대로 공손 전략이 어떻게 실현될 수 있는지를 살펴본다. '공손'이란 단어는 독일어에서 문법 용어가 아니지만, 문법서 여러 곳에서 눈에 띈다. 공손의 기준은 언어체계의 규칙에 따라 구성될 뿐만 아니라 언어 외적 요소들이 커뮤니케이션에 영향을 주기 때문에 그 경계가 모호하다. 공손은 사회적 가치 못지않은 중요한 전략적 요소이기도 하다. 공손한 표현은 우선 대화 당사자 간의 친근감 여부에 따른 호칭 형태, 동사의 화법, 그리고 양상 불변화사를 통하여 나타난다. 화법동사는 청자에게 직접적인 요구를 강요하지 않음으로써 심리적 부담을 주지 않는 공손 표현으로 분류된다. 친근감을 수반하는 양상 불변화사도 체면위협행위를 약화키거나 회피함으로써 청자의 발화를 제한하는 적극적 공손 전략의 하나로 여겨진다. 따라서 이 연구의 결과는 독일어 커뮤니케이션에서의 공손에 관한 실증적 연구를 위한 이론적 근거를 제시할 수 있을 것이라 여겨진다.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제39권
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• pp.329-354
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• 2015

The major goals of this paper are to identify the degree into which the meanings of 'see' verb can be extended, focusing on the extended meanings shown in the expressions that denote our instinctive actions for survival, such as eating or drinking, etc., and to clarify the doubt on whether any syntactic pattern can be associated with the meaning in the process of meaning extension of 'see' verb. For doing this task, this paper picked out 2,000 examples randomly from COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English), in which the verb 'see' is used. This paper classified the sentences into thirteen different sentence types, according to the syntactic patterns. This research showed that these thirteen syntactic types lead us to figure out the process of the meaning extension of the verb 'see'. With this result, this paper made an attempt to provide the four steps toward the meaning extension of verb 'see'. The verb 'see' in the first step denotes the meaning of purely seeing the visualized objects. This verb in the second step expresses the shifted function, under which the agent in the subject position takes the seeing action as a secondary task in order to carry out other main task. The verb in the third step denotes the extended meanings irrelevant to the seeing action, because the sentences on this step do not contain any visualized objects. In the last step this verb functions as conventional implicature whose meaning does not contribute to the whole meaning of a sentence. In addition, this paper identified that the syntactic properties are deeply associated with the process of meaning extension of the verb 'see', and tried to formalize this relationship between the syntax and semantics within the framework of Construction Grammar based on A. Goldberg.

• 영미문화
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.83-103
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• 2013

This paper focuses on the function of suicidal images in the history of art including literature. Death has been romanticized or repoliticized into an existential act of defiance and rebellion in literary works, so questions remain about the correlation between literary suicide and the essence of suicide. Although Jacques Ranciere insists that the order of art contrasts with the order of common people whose acts and gestures can express either their specific purposes nor the rationalities of their frustration, literary suicide reflects the outside life of readers. In fact, images of suicide produces the order of things about the real world. William Shakespeare's Hamlet handled two oppositional self-murder significantly. As Ron M. Brown pointed out, Hamlet, by choosing confrontation, seeks out an end which is voluntary, thus he avoids self-destruction and feels triumph of heroic fashion. Ophelia's self-chosen death stems from loss, frailty and the disintegration of reason, which demeans the act and diminishes her from the tragic to the pathetic(16). In the $19^{th}$ century, the resurrection of Ophelia acted as the context for later periods where life itself is fictionalized from the differing periods of network of signifier and texts. Finally, in Ophelia's case, fiction became life(Brown 285). Her suicidal image was fixed in the Victorian Culture whose visual discourse was strikingly similar to that of the men. Likewise, the ambiguities of the suicide became intertwined with the social, cultural issues of a certain period, and the paradigm of suicide was conformed to the changing needs of successive generations. However, if literary art understands that a European culture grappled with the almost impossible task and coming to terms with this strangest and most persistent of phenomena, it will be able to focus on of the multi-layered suicide by recognizing the inherent instability of the verbal sign which cannot reveal the design and grammar of truth.

• 실천공학교육논문지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2022

전자공학교육에서 C 프로그래밍 언어 학습은 컴퓨터 프로그래밍을 이해하고, 임베디드 시스템에서 마이크로프로세서 활용 능력을 습득하기 위한 중요한 기초 교육 과정이다. 기초적 문법과 알고리즘 이해에 중점을 두기 위해, 콘솔 창에서 C 표준 라이브러리 함수에 기반한 프로그램을 작성하며 이론과 실습을 병행해 학습하는 것이 일반적인 교육방법이다. 그렇지만, C 언어의 기본 지식을 어느 정도 습득한 후 프로젝트 활동을 하거나 더 심화된 단계로 나아가고자 한다면, 콘솔창에서 C 표준 라이브러리 함수만을 사용하는 것은 C 프로그램으로 표현하거나 제어할 수 있는 대상을 한정시키게 된다. 학습자가 그래픽 또는 멀티미디어 리소스를 쉽게 활용해 교육적 가치를 높이기 위한 목적으로, 본 논문에서는 공개 소스 소프트웨어인 Simple DirectMedia Layer (SDL)을 활용하는 방안을 C 프로그래밍 언어 학습 과정에 적용한 사례를 연구한다. 콘솔 창에서 수행하는 기초적 프로그래밍 교육과정을 마친 후에 적용된 SDL활용 프로그래밍 교육 과정을 소개하고, 설문 조사를 통해 교육적 가치를 평가한다. 그 결과, 응답자의 56% 이상이 응용능력개선, 흥미유발, 전반적 유용성 측면에서 긍정적 의견을 표명했으며, 부정적 의견은 4% 이하였다.