• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.882-889
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• 2008

Three fabrics, 100% silk, nylon and cotton each, were dyed with a lichen dye solution prepared by a fermentation method under conditions of varying dyebath pH and temperature. To verify the effect of chitosan on fabric dyeing, the 100% cotton fabric was treated with a chitosan solution before dyeing. The K/S, CIE $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$, ${\Delta}E$ and Munsell values of the dyed samples were measured. Colorfastness of each sample was also investigated. The maximum K/S value was measured at 520nm wavelength for the dyed silk fabric and at 480nm for the dyed cotton and nylon. The K/S values for the dyed silk fabric were much greater than those of the other fabrics. The dyed silk fabric showed a red tone on the Munsell color system, and the dyed nylon and cotton fabrics a yellowish red tone. Dye affinity to fabrics was better in a neutral or acidic dyebath. As dyeing temperature increased, K/S values increased for the dyed nylon and cotton fabrics but not for the silk. Dyeability of cotton fabrics could improve by Chitosan treatment. As for most natural dyes, colorfastness of all dyed samples was poor. The silk fabric showed an excellent dry cleaning fastness of Grade 5.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.275-280
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: The present study was conducted to find out the suitable method for organic rice production on the basis of different seedling raising methods at nine eco-friendly agricultural units of Samgi, Mangsung, Iksan and Sungsan, Gusan of Jeollabuk-do, during 2009-10. METHODS AND RESULTS: On the basis of yield and physiological parameters, pot seeding method was found to be superior to drill seeding and broadcast seeding methods. The number of panicle, grain, the precent of ripened grains, and the 1,000 grain weight, were better in pot seeding method. Maximum yield and other attributes were recorded in rice, cultivated with seedlings raised by pot and broadcast seeding method. Number of panicle/hill and grain/panicle was 10.4% and 35.1% higher than the broadcast seeding method, respectively. Yield also showed 8.8% increase in pot seeding method as compare to broadcast seeding method. Higher grain yield was obtained when 56 hills/$3.3m^2$ of rice seedlings were used as compare to 50 hills/$3.3m^2$ raised by pot seeding method and 70 hills/$3.3m^2$ of broadcast seeding method. Lodging was minimum in seedlings raised with pot seeding method as thickness of third internode was more (9.0%) than the seedlings, raised with broadcast seeding method. Root length and dry weight also showed similar tendency i.e. 13.8% and 25.3% higher, respectively. CONCLUSION(s): Quality and grade of rice, cultivated with pot seeding method was better than broadcast seeding method. Head rice was 4.4% higher; and protein content and broken rice grown by pot seeding method were 0.4% and 1.8% lower than broadcast seeding method, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.471-480
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• 2007

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of a low-energy finisher diet on feed and growth efficiencies and carcass traits of ‘high’-market weight (MW) finishing pigs and thereby to extrapolate optimal dietary energy level for the high-MW swine. A total of 160 (Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc-crossbred finishing gilts and barrows weighing approximately 90 kg were fed a low-energy (3,200 kcal DE/kg) diet (LE) or control (3,400 kcal) diet (CON) ad libitum in 16 pens up to 135- and 125-kg live weights, respectively, at which the animals were slaughtered and their carcasses were analyzed [2 (sex) × 2 (diet) factorial experimental design]. Average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed efficiency did not differ between the two sex or diet groups. Backfat thickness was less (P<0.05) in LE (22.4 mm) than in CON group (24.3 mm) in gilts, but not in barrows (24.4 ± 0.4 mm). The percentage of C- & D-grade carcasses was over 90% because of the ‘over-weight’ problem in gilts, whereas in barrows, percentages of A plus B grades and C plus D grades were 79% and 21%, respectively. The yield percentage of each trimmed primal cut per total trimmed cuts (w/w) did not differ between the two sex or diet groups. Physicochemical characteristics of longissimus muscle including color (lightness and redness), pH, drip loss and chemical composition, which overally were within the range of normal carcass, also did not differ between the two sex or diet groups. In conclusion, both LE and CON are judged to be adequate for the high-MW swine during the latter finishing period. If fat deposition of a given herd of high-MW pigs needs to be suppressed by a dietary treatment, the energy content of the diet will have to be reduced to a level lower than 3,200 kcal DE/kg.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.69-75
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• 2005

The storability of chicon was compared by packing it with PE box, wrap, LDPE (low density polyethylene) film that was 25 and 50um thickness, respectively and storing at 1 and $10^{\circ}C$ under light and dark conditions. The visual quality depending on dehydration was deteriorated at more than $2\%$ weight loss during storage. In packing treatments, chicon packed with PE box lost fresh weight to $3\%\;at\;10^{\circ}C\;and\;2\%\;at\;1^{\circ}C$, while non- penetrated film treatment, wrap, 25 and 50um thickness LDPE film, showed less than $1\%$ weight loss. The carbon dioxide concentration in package was $3\~4\%\;in\;50{\mu}m$ LDPE film at $1^{\circ}C\; and\;25um$ LDPE film at $10^{\circ}C$. The ethylene concentration in 50um LDPE film at $1^{\circ}C\;and\;25{\mu}m$ LDPE film at $10^{\circ}C$ was approximately 0.3 ppm and 0.5 ppm, respectively. Chiton stored in dark condition didn't turn to green, but it fumed green only in 3 days at $10^{\circ}C$ and in 6 days at $1^{\circ}C$ under light condition. The greening of chicon was less, the packing materials was thicker. The chlorophyll content represented the degree of greening showed less at $1^{\circ}C$ then at $10^{\circ}C$. The coefficient of correlation(r) between chlorophyll content and carbon dioxide concentration in package was 0.926 at $1^{\circ}C$ and 0.997 at $10^{\circ}C$. The visual quality except greening of packed chicon was maintained at $1^{\circ}C$ better than $10^{\circ}C$, and it was shown highest grade packed with $50{\mu}m$ LDPE film at $1^{\circ}C$ and packed with 25um LDPE film at $10^{\circ}C$. The vitamin C content in packed chicon was kept higher at $1^{\circ}C$ on storage temperatures, and 25um and 50um LDPE film on packing materials. According to these results, it can be proper condition for storage and marketing of chicon that 50um LDPE film at $1^{\circ}C$ and 25um LDPE film at $10^{\circ}C$. And dark condition is necessary to store chicon because it should turn green under tiny light condition.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.460-471
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate intake-related factors of energy drinks and educational needs regarding energy drinks in female high school students. Methods: Subjects were 340 female high school students in Incheon, and data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 20.0 program. Results: Subjects who had drunk energy drinks were 74.3% (249 subjects) of all subjects. The first time they drank an energy drink was significantly associated with grade (p < 0.05). In 75.1% of 249 subjects who had drunk energy drinks, the places for buying energy drinks were supermarkets and convenience stores near their homes. For the effects of energy drink intake, sleeplessness (44.6%) and no effect (41.7%) were cited, and 24.5% experienced side effects such as palpitation, tremors, etc. The scores for self-diagnosis of caffeine addiction were significantly higher in the low weight group compared to the overweight group (p < 0.05). The degree of caffeine addiction was significantly associated with effects of energy drink intake (p < 0.001) and type of side effects (p < 0.001). Willingness to stop consuming energy drinks (p < 0.001) and necessity of nutrition education about energy drinks (p < 0.05) were significantly lower in the caffeine addiction group compared to the general group. About 75.0% of subjects wanted to be educated about the side effects of energy drinks and caffeine. Conclusion: This study shows that female high school students need proper education about the effects of intake of energy drinks. Therefore, guidelines and a nutrition education program right intake of energy drinks should be provided as well as campaigns concerning the side effects of energy drinks and caffeine in female high school students.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.149-168
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to verify the effect of PSpice instruction on academic achievement in 'Combination logic circuit' unit of 'Digital Logic Circuit' in industrial high school. Three kinds of null hypotheses were formulated. Two classes of the third grade of C technical high school in Gyeong-buk were divided into experimental group and control group in order to verify null hypotheses. In the experimental design, 'Non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest' model was utilized. This experiment was conducted for six classes, the experimental group was applied to PSpice instruction method before the circuit traning while the control group was applied to traditional lecture oriented method before the circuit traning. Window SPSS 10.0 korean language version program was used for the data analysis and independent sample t-test was used to identify the average of each group. Significance level was set to .05 level. The results obtained in this study were as follows; First, PSpice instruction had not an effect on academic achievement according to a group type. However, these instruction had an effect on the following sub-domains; the psychomotor domain. Second, PSpice instruction had not an effect on academic achievement according to a studies level. However, these instruction for middle and low level students had an effect on the cognitive and psychomotor domain, and for middle level students had an effect on the affective domain. Third, PSpice instruction had not an effect on shortening of a training requirement. However, this instruction for low level students had an effect on shortening of a training requirement. The study results of simulation instruction was chiefly efficient in the psychomotor domain. We could know that simulation instruction is efficient as went to a low level students than an upper level students. Thus, We may make the study effectiveness in various instruction method.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.85-96
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• 2000

This study was conducted to examine the effect of family environment on smoking behavior, smoking knowledge and smoking attitude in primary school students. For the purpose of the study, a questionnaire-based examination was made with 1,476 sixth-grade students in Taegu from November 1st to 30th, 1998. The results of the study are summarized as follows. Out of 22 points for smoking knowledge, the male student group got 12.9 points, and the female student group 13.0 points. For both groups, students with better school achievement showed a significantly higher score (p<0.01). For the female student group, those who had nonsmoking fathers showed a significantly higher score(p<0.05). A perfect score for smoking attitude was 20 points. The male student group received 14.9 points and the female student group 16.3. For both groups, the score appeared to be significantly higher in the students who had better school achievement and no smoking experience. For the female group, the score was higher if they were living with widowed mothers or had nonsmoking parents. The percentage of smoking experience was 22.0% for the male group and 4.7% for the female group. The present smoking percentage of both groups accounted for 0.3% and 0.1%, respectively. The percentage of the male group's smoking experience was significantly higher if school achievement was poor, if the mother has religious, and if her occupation belonged to significantly different category. For the female group, it was significantly higher if a mother's educational background was less than the primary school level, or if a mother smokes. Family adaptability and cohesion were not significant variables for both groups. The score for smoking knowledge according to family cohesion was highest if male and female members were in an enmeshed state. For the female group, the higher the family adaptability, the significantly higher the score for smoking knowledge. The score for smoking attitude according to family cohesion showed a significant difference for both groups. The family adaptability was not a significant variable for both groups. The results of multiple regression analysis, with the scores for smoking knowledge and smoking attitude were used as a dependent variable, revealed that, for both groups, the better the school achievement. For the female group, the higher the family cohesion, the significantly higher the score(p<0.01). For the male group, the score for smoking attitude was significant1y higher if school achievement was better, if students were living with a widowed mother or father, if they had drinking mothers, if family adaptability was low, if family cohesion was high, or if the score for smoking knowledge was high. For the female group, the score for smoking attitude was higher if school achievement was better. Also, if famale student had nonsmoking fathers, if the family adaptability was lower, on the higher the score for smoking knowledge, a smoking attitude scored higher. The results of a multiple logistic analysis, with smoking experience as a dependent variable, revealed that, for the male student group, the worse the school achievement, the higher the score for smoking knowledge, the lower the score for smoking attitude, or the lower the family adaptability, the higher the percentage of smoking experience. For the female student group, the higher the score for smoking knowledge or the lower the score for smoking attitude, the higher the percentage of smoking experience. In conclusion, family environment, including smoking of parents and family functions, had a great effect on smoking knowledge, smoking attitude and smoking experience of students, and it is required to adjust subjects and methods for smoking and nonsmoking education as smoking attitude and smoking behavior greatly differ according to sex.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.223-230
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• 2015

Eggs are an important source of protein for the human diet. Consumers want fresher, more delicious and more sanitary eggs. In Korea, the Shell Egg Grading system (EGS) was employed in 2001. The portion of graded shell eggs has increased every year, but graded shell eggs account for only 6% of all eggs. The EGS should satisfy producers, distributors and consumers. However, the EGS does not have an official function because of many problems. Consumers cannot select various graded shell eggs in the market, and producers do not receive enough profit even though they produce top-quality graded shell eggs. There are few studies on the EGS, Therefore, this study was performed to improve the EGS. We surveyed the EGS, GP Centers and farmers. Large companies (farmers) are more satisfied than small companies with the EGS. There was a high tendency for the companies (farmers) that are not involved with the EGS to think that graded and ungraded shell eggs are similar, in contrast to the companies (farmers) connected to the EGS. We should have to change the grading system of grade shell eggs, establish of the cold chain system, change of the law for the school meals, minimize payment for the grading shell eggs for developing EGS. Based on this study, the egg industry can benefit through the improvement of the EGS.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2000.06a
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• pp.16-23
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• 2000

The increasing functional needs of top-quality printing papers and packaging paperboards, and especially the rapid developments in electronic printing processes and various computer printers during past few years, set new targets and requirements for modern paper quality. Most of these paper grades of today have relatively high filler content, are moderately or heavily calendered , and have many coating layers for the best appearance and performance. In practice, this means that many of the traditional quality assurance methods, mostly designed to measure papers made of pure. native pulp only, can not reliably (or at all) be used to analyze or rank the quality of modern papers. Hence, introduction of new measurement techniques is necessary to assure and further develop the paper quality today and in the future. Paper formation , i.e. small scale (millimeter scale) variation of basis weight, is the most important quality parameter of paper-making due to its influence on practically all the other quality properties of paper. The ideal paper would be completely uniform so that the basis weight of each small point (area) measured would be the same. In practice, of course, this is not possible because there always exists relatively large local variations in paper. However, these small scale basis weight variations are the major reason for many other quality problems, including calender blacking uneven coating result, uneven printing result, etc. The traditionally used visual inspection or optical measurement of the paper does not give us a reliable understanding of the material variations in the paper because in modern paper making process the optical behavior of paper is strongly affected by using e.g. fillers, dye or coating colors. Futhermore, the opacity (optical density) of the paper is changed at different process stages like wet pressing and calendering. The greatest advantage of using beta transmission method to measure paper formation is that it can be very reliably calibrated to measure true basis weight variation of all kinds of paper and board, independently on sample basis weight or paper grade. This gives us the possibility to measure, compare and judge papers made of different raw materials, different color, or even to measure heavily calendered, coated or printed papers. Scientific research of paper physics has shown that the orientation of the top layer (paper surface) fibers of the sheet paly the key role in paper curling and cockling , causing the typical practical problems (paper jam) with modern fax and copy machines, electronic printing , etc. On the other hand, the fiber orientation at the surface and middle layer of the sheet controls the bending stiffness of paperboard . Therefore, a reliable measurement of paper surface fiber orientation gives us a magnificent tool to investigate and predict paper curling and coclking tendency, and provides the necessary information to finetune, the manufacturing process for optimum quality. many papers, especially heavily calendered and coated grades, do resist liquid and gas penetration very much, bing beyond the measurement range of the traditional instruments or resulting invonveniently long measuring time per sample . The increased surface hardness and use of filler minerals and mechanical pulp make a reliable, nonleaking sample contact to the measurement head a challenge of its own. Paper surface coating causes, as expected, a layer which has completely different permeability characteristics compared to the other layer of the sheet. The latest developments in sensor technologies have made it possible to reliably measure gas flow in well controlled conditions, allowing us to investigate the gas penetration of open structures, such as cigarette paper, tissue or sack paper, and in the low permeability range analyze even fully greaseproof papers, silicon papers, heavily coated papers and boards or even detect defects in barrier coatings ! Even nitrogen or helium may be used as the gas, giving us completely new possibilities to rank the products or to find correlation to critical process or converting parameters. All the modern paper machines include many on-line measuring instruments which are used to give the necessary information for automatic process control systems. hence, the reliability of this information obtained from different sensors is vital for good optimizing and process stability. If any of these on-line sensors do not operate perfectly ass planned (having even small measurement error or malfunction ), the process control will set the machine to operate away from the optimum , resulting loss of profit or eventual problems in quality or runnability. To assure optimum operation of the paper machines, a novel quality assurance policy for the on-line measurements has been developed, including control procedures utilizing traceable, accredited standards for the best reliability and performance.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.2 s.247
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• pp.132-138
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• 2005

Background: Mitral valve repair (MVP) is the optimal procedure for mitral regurgitation (MR), however, failure and subsequent reoperations are the limitations. The current study assessed the procedure in relation to the primary valve related causes of recurrent MR. Material and Method: MR was treated in 493 patients undergoing MVP from January of 1994 to January of 2002. The causes of MR were degenerative $(n=252,\;51.5\%),$ rheumatic $(n=156,\; 31.6\%),$ and others $(n=85,\; 16.9\%).$ Surgery comprised 446 ring annuloplasties $(90.5\%),$ 227 new chordae formations $(46\%),$ 125 quadriangular resections $(25.3\%),$ 28 chordae transfers $(5.7\%),$ and 8 Alfieri's stitches $(1.6\%).$ The mean follow up was $29.04\pm22.81$ months. Result: There were 5 early $(1.01\%)$, and 5 late deaths $(1.01\%).$ The reoperation rate was $1.42\%$. There were 45 $(9.1\%)$ recurrent MR (grade III or IV). Of these, 24 were procedure related including incomplete repair (n=14), discordant new chordae length (n=8) and others (n=2). In 21 patients, the cause was valve related including rheumatic disease progression (n=10), recurrent chordae elongation or prolapse (n=5) and others (n=6). Severe MR was higher after incomplete repair (p < 0.001), and valve related failure strongly correlated with rheumatic progression (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Since completeness of operation is the prime risk factor that determine the repair durability, intra-operative assessment of the initial repair with trans-esophageal echocardiography is essential.