• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.353-370
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• 2012

The observation and recommendation system was recently introduced for selecting gifted-students in science, and it has required to arrange the reliable and valid selection criteria that could identify the high potential competency of them. In this study, we explored the competencies that could help to discriminate gifted-students' inner properties, and also developed the dictionary based on them. The competencies were extracted from the proven previous competency dictionaries/models and examined by the structured survey and the focus group interview in order to ascertain the competencies of the science-gifted students. The results revealed that there were two competency clusters such as cognitive and affective domains. The cognitive cluster consisted of 6 competencies as follows: goal suggestion, planning, information collection and analysis, problem solving, higher-order thinking, and expertise and self-development competency. The affective cluster consisted of 3 competencies: confidence, achievement orientation, and curiosity competency. The dictionary categorized by the names, definitions, key elements, and behavioral indicators and their levels of the derived competencies was developed. Findings were expected to provide the implications on the selection criteria of the potential science-gifted students through the observation and recommendation system.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1384-1390
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• 2019

This paper proposes a technological solution for improving the recognition direction of target objects for automatic vision inspection by machine vision. This paper proposes a technological solution for improving the recognition direction of target objects for automatic vision inspection by machine vision. This enables the automatic machine vision inspection to detect the image of the inspection object regardless of the position and orientation of the object, eliminating the need for a separate inspection jig and improving the automation level of the inspection process. This study develops the technology and method that can be applied to the wire harness manufacturing process as the inspection object and present the result of real system. The results of the system implementation was evaluated by the accredited institution. This includes successful measurement in the accuracy, detection recognition, reproducibility and positioning success rate, and achievement the goal in ten kinds of color discrimination ability, inspection time within one second and four automatic mode setting, etc.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.238-253
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of flipped learning applied printed reading material (PRM) and getting implications for the application of flipped learning applied PRM. For the purpose of this study, we made the flipped learning programs applied printed reading material and applied them to the 6th grade science class in the elementary school. Selection of the applied test is considered the special feature of flipped learning and existing researches about the flipped learning. The PRM contains the Science words, conceptions, explanation about contents. And it was added to checking system by quiz. The results were as follows: The science class applied PRM was effective on increase in Korean elementary school students' the curiosity (in Intrinsic Goal Orientation) and attention (in Task Value) about science class content. There were no significant difference in the results of academic achievement. But the improvement of students' academic achievement in class applied PRM were bigger than that of those in class applied existing methods that follow the process of the teacher's guidebook in the same way. Students had the highest satisfaction about communication and environmental education in the class applied PRM.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.37-66
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• 2021

This study aims to provide self-development opportunities to hair salons service workers through e-learning and provide the foundation of sustainable hair salons management by cultivating good talents to hair salons service business executives. In particular, the factors affecting e-learning achievement are identified according to learner characteristics to see whether these factors affect the satisfaction of e-learning learners and also affect the performance of management. The results of the study are summarized as follows. As a result of hypotheses testing on the relationship between e-learning learning environment and e-learning satisfaction, it was found that the higher the level of e-learning content quality is, the higher the satisfaction of e-learning is, the higher the satisfaction of e-learning is, and that the higher the quality level of the support infrastructure is, the higher the satisfaction of e-learning is. The results of the hypotheses testing on the moderating effect of learner factors showed that the influence of the quality of the support infrastructure on the e-learning satisfaction differs according to the level of the learner's goal consciousness. However, it was found that the influence of content quality on e-learning satisfaction according to the level of the learners goal awareness, the influence of content quality on e-learning satisfaction according to the level of the aggressiveness of the learners learning attitude, and the influence of the quality of the support infrastructure on the e-learning satisfaction according to the level of the aggressiveness of learners learning attitude were found to identically demonstrate no moderating effects. The results of hypotheses testing on the relationships among e-Learning performance show that the higher the satisfaction of e-learning was, the higher the customer orientation was, and the higher the satisfaction of e-learning was, the higher the contribution of management performance was, and the higher the customer orientation was, the higher the contribution of management performance was. The implications of this study are as follows. First, the actual path of realiting e-learning performance could be identified that is this study provided organizational decision makers involved in the hair salons service operations with practical guidance for the introduction and expansion of successful educational systems. Second, the e-learning environment derived from the theoretical background is different from the e-learning environment required by the learners.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.68-79
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• 2009

The interplay between hedonic and utilitarian attributes has assumed special significance in recent years; it has been proposed that consumption offerings should be viewed as experiences that stimulate both cognitions and feelings rather than as mere products or services. This research builds on previous work on hedonic versus utilitarian benefits, regulatory focus theory, customer satisfaction to address two question: (1) Is the shopping goal at the point of purchase different from the shopping value? and (2) Is the customer loyalty after the use different from the shopping value and shopping goal? We surveyed 345 peoples those who have bought the electronic-goods within 6 months. This research dealt with the shopping value which is consisted of 2 types, hedonic and utilitarian. Those who pursue the hedonic shopping value may prefer the pleasure of purchasing experience to the product itself. They tend to prefer atmosphere, arousal of the shopping experience. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "hedonic" to refer to their aesthetic, experiential and enjoyment-related value. On the contrary, Those who pursue the utilitarian shopping value may prefer the reasonable buying. It may be more functional. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "utilitarian" to refer to the functional, instrumental, and practical value of consumption offerings. Holbrook(1999) notes that consumer value is an experience that results from the consumption of such benefits. In the context of cell phones for example, the phone's battery life and sound volume are utilitarian benefits, whereas aesthetic appeal from its shape and color are hedonic benefits. Likewise, in the case of a car, fuel economics and safety are utilitarian benefits whereas the sunroof and the luxurious interior are hedonic benefits. The shopping goals are consisted of the promotion focus goal and the prevention focus goal, based on the self-regulatory focus theory. The promotion focus is characterized into focusing ideal self because they are oriented to wishes and vision. The promotion focused individuals are tend to be more risk taking. They are more sensitive to hope and achievement. On the contrary, the prevention focused individuals are characterized into focusing the responsibilities because they are oriented to safety. The prevention focused individuals are tend to be more risk avoiding. We wanted to test the relation among the shopping value, shopping goal and customer loyalty. Customers show the positive or negative feelings comparing with the expectation level which customers have at the point of the purchase. If the result were bigger than the expectation, customers may feel positive feeling such as delight or satisfaction and they would want to share their feelings with other people. And they want to buy those products again in the future time. There is converging evidence that the types of goals consumers expect to be fulfilled by the utilitarian dimension of a product are different from those they seek from the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004). Specifically, whereas consumers expect the fulfillment of product prevention goals on the utilitarian dimension, they expect the fulfillment of promotion goals on the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan, and Majahan 2007; Higgins 1997, 2001) According to the regulatory focus theory, prevention goals are those that ought to be met. Fulfillment of prevention goals in the context of product consumption eliminates or significantly reduces the probability of a painful experience, thus making consumers experience emotions that result from fulfillment of prevention goals such as confidence and securities. On the contrary, fulfillment of promotion goals are those that a person aspires to meet, such as "looking cool" or "being sophisticated." Fulfillment of promotion goals in the context of product consumption significantly increases the probability of a pleasurable experience, thus enabling consumers to experience emotions that result from the fulfillment of promotion goals. The proposed conceptual framework captures that the relationships among hedonic versus utilitarian shopping values and promotion versus prevention shopping goals respectively. An analysis of the consequence of the fulfillment and frustration of utilitarian and hedonic value is theoretically worthwhile. It is also substantively relevant because it helps predict post-consumption behavior such as the promotion versus prevention shopping goals orientation. Because our primary goal is to understand how the post consumption feelings influence the variable customer loyalty: word of mouth (Jacoby and Chestnut 1978). This research result is that the utilitarian shopping value gives the positive influence to both of the promotion and prevention goal. However the influence to the prevention goal is stronger. On the contrary, hedonic shopping value gives influence to the promotion focus goal only. Additionally, both of the promotion and prevention goal show the positive relation with customer loyalty. However, the positive relation with promotion goal and customer loyalty is much stronger. The promotion focus goal gives the influence to the customer loyalty. On the contrary, the prevention focus goal relates at the low level of relation with customer loyalty than that of the promotion goal. It could be explained that it is apt to get framed the compliment of people into 'gain-non gain' situation. As the result, for those who have the promotion focus are motivated to deliver their own feeling to other people eagerly. Conversely the prevention focused individual are more sensitive to the 'loss-non loss' situation. The research result is consistent with pre-existent researches. There is a conceptual parallel between necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits and luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha 2007; Higginns 1997; Kivetz and Simonson 2002b). In addition, Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the precedence principle contends luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits higher than necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits. Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha (2007) show that consumers are focused more on the utilitarian benefits than on the hedonic benefits of a product until their minimum expectation of fulfilling prevention goals are met. Furthermore, a utilitarian benefit is a promise of a certain level of functionality by the manufacturer or the retailer. When the promise is not fulfilled, customers blame the retailer and/or the manufacturer. When negative feelings are attributable to an entity, customers feel angry. However in the case of hedonic benefit, the customer, not the manufacturer, determines at the time of purchase whether the product is stylish and attractive. Under such circumstances, customers are more likely to blame themselves than the manufacturer if their friends do not find the product stylish and attractive. Therefore, not meeting minimum utilitarian expectations of functionality generates a much more intense negative feelings, such as anger than a less intense feeling such as disappointment or dissatisfactions. The additional multi group analysis of this research shows the same result. Those who are unsatisfactory customers who have the prevention focused goal shows higher relation with WOM, comparing with satisfactory customers. The research findings in this article could have significant implication for the personal selling fields to increase the effectiveness and the efficiency of the sales such that they can develop the sales presentation strategy for the customers. For those who are the hedonic customers may be apt to show more interest to the promotion goal. Therefore it may work to strengthen the design, style or new technology of the products to the hedonic customers. On the contrary for the utilitarian customers, it may work to strengthen the price competitiveness. On the basis of the result from our studies, we demonstrated a correspondence among hedonic versus utilitarian and promotion versus prevention goal, WOM. Similarly, we also found evidence of the moderator effects of satisfaction after use, between the prevention goal and WOM. Even though the prevention goal has the low level of relation to WOM, those who are not satisfied show higher relation to WOM. The relation between the prevention goal and WOM is significantly different according to the satisfaction versus unsatisfaction. In addition, improving the promotion emotions of cheerfulness and excitement and the prevention emotion of confidence and security will further improve customer loyalty. A related potential further research could be to examine whether hedonic versus utilitarian, promotion versus prevention goals improve customer loyalty for services as well. Under the budget and time constraints, designers and managers are often compelling to choose among various attributes. If there is no budget or time constraints, perhaps the best solution is to maximize both hedonic and utilitarian dimension of benefits. However, they have to make trad-off process between various attributes. For the designers and managers have to keep in mind that without hedonic benefit satisfaction of the product it may hard to lead the customers to the customer loyalty.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.74-83
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate motivation to learn physics in order to understand engineering college students' physics learning. Therefore, in this study, 374 engineering students at the university located in Seoul were studied using the Physics Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ), which was a Science Motivation Questionnaire II modified into the context of learning physics. The PMQ is composed of five factors: intrinsic motivation, career motivation, self-determination, self-efficacy, and grade motivation. It involves 25 Likert scale items. Through exploratory factor analysis, PMQ confirms that the five factors are structurally valid in measuring the motivation of engineering students to learn physics. In addition, item fit (MNSQ) was also confirmed using a Rasch model analysis. The results show that grade motivation has the highest mean with 4.2, followed by job motivation mean with 3.76. The mean of intrinsic motivation was 3.42, the self-efficacy was 3.38, and self-determination was 3.32. The results of this study confirm that the physics learning motivation of engineering college students is characterized showing high external motivation related to job and grade. Therefore, we should try to develop the teaching strategy to increase intrinsic motivation by developing mastery goal orientation of physics learning for engineering students.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.951-962
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• 1999

Today human needs for health promotion and maintenance are increasing. The nursing profession as a great responsibility to develop the knowledge for helping clients to practice good health behavior under self-control. But there are few studies about the concept of self-control, or the operational definition of self-control. The purpose of this study was to analyze and clarify the meaning of the concept of self-control. This study used Walker and Avant's process of concept analysis. Antecedents of self control consist of 1) perception of the conflict situation to change his or her behavior ; 2) perception of self as the causes of the barrier for a certain behavior ; 3) internal standard or belief such as self-efficacy and learned resourcefulness ; 4) internal motivation for change of behavior. Critical attributes of self-control were 1) goal-orientation ; 2) self-decision ; 3) time sequence ; 4) effort ; 5) possibility of being learned ; 6) individuality ; 7) social desirability. Consequences occurring as a results of self-control consist of 1) achievement of the controlled behavior whose purposes were planned ; 2) enhancement of the internal standard such as self-efficacy and learned resourcefulness ; 3) eventual elevation of physical and emotional wellness. Therefore, this concept is defined as a cognitive behavior which is attempted by his or her decision when one is confronted with the conflict situation, which is characterized by being changed by time, learned by effort and individual characteristics. One is taking such behavior with the perception of self as the causative barrier for a certain behavior, planning a specific objective for a certain behavior which demands self sacrifice, supplies the internal reward, is socially desirable with the internal standard of self-efficacy and learned resourcefulness and environmental factors.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.65-88
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• 2008

Since the implementation of economic reforms in 1978, the Chinese economy grows rapidly at an average annul growth rate of 9% over the post two decades. Franchising has been widely recognized as an important source of entrepreneurial activity. Trust is important in that it facilitates relational exchanges by permits partners to transcend short-run inequities or risks to concentrate on long-term profits or gains. In the relationship between the franchisors and franchisees, trust has been described as an important source of competitive advantage. However, little research has been done on the factors affecting trust in Chinese franchisor-franchisee relationships. The purpose of this study is to investigate what factors affect the trust in the franchise system in China, and to provide guidelines and insights to franchisors which enter Chinese market. In this study, according to Morgan and Hunt (1994), trust is defined as the extending when one party has confidence in an exchange partner's reliability and integrity. We offered a conceptual model of the empirical study. The model shows that the factors affecting the trust include franchisor's supports, communication, satisfaction with previous outcome and conflict. We also suggested the franchisor's supports and communication like to enhance the franchisee's satisfaction with previous outcome, and the franchisor's supports, communication and he franchisee's satisfaction with previous outcome tend to decrease conflict. Before the formal study, a pretest involving exploratory interviews with owners from three franchisees was conducted to make sure the questionnaire was relevant and clear to the respondents. The data were collected using trained interviewers to carry out personal interviews with the aid of an unidentified, muti-page, structured questionnaire. The respondents comprised of owners, managers, and owner managers of franchisee-owned food service franchises located in Beijing, China. Even though a total of 256 potential franchises were initially contacted, the finally usable sample consisted of 125 respondents. As expected, the sampling method was successful in soliciting respondents with waried personal and firm characteristics. Self-administrated questionnaires were used for all measures. And established scales were used to measure the latent constructs in this study. The measures tapped the franchisees' perceptions of the relationship with the referent franchisor. Five-point Likert-type scales ranging from "strongly disagree" (=1) to "strongly agree" (=7) were used throughout the constructs (trust, eight items; support, five items; communication, four items; satisfaction, six items; conflict, three items). The reliability measurements traditionally employed, such as the Cronbach's alpha, were used. All the reliabilities were greater than.80. The proposed measurement model was estimated using SPSS 12.0 and AMOS 5.0 analysis package. We conducted A series of exploratory factor analyses and confirmatory factor analyses to assess the convergent validity, discriminant validity, and reliability. The results indicate reasonable overall fits between the model and the observed data. The overall fit of measurement model were $X^2$= 159.699, p=0.004, d.f. = 116, GFI =.879, NFI =.898, CFI =.969, IFI =.970, TLI =.959, RMR =.058. The results demonstrated that the data reasonably fitted the model. We also examined construct reliability and reliability and average variance extracted (AVE). The construct reliability of each construct was greater than.80 and the AVE of each construct was greater than.50. According to the analysis of Structure Equation Modeling (SEM), the results of path model indicated an adequate fit of the model: $X^2$= 142.126, p = 0.044, d.f. = 115, GFI =.892, NFI =.909, CFI =.981, IFI =.981, TLI =.974, RMR =.057. As hypothesized, the results showed that it is strategically important to establish trust in a franchise system, and the franchisor's supports, communication and satisfaction with previous outcome tend to reinforce franchisee's trust. The results also showed trust seems to decrease as the experience of conflict episodes increases. And we also noticed that franchisor's supports and communication tend to enhance the franchisee's satisfaction with previous outcome, and communication tend to decrease conflict. If the trust between the franchisor and franchisee can be established in a franchise system, franchising offers many benefits and reduces many costs. To manage a mutual trust of relationship with their franchisees, franchisor's should provide support effectively to their franchisees. Effective assistant services have direct effect on franchisees' satisfaction with previous outcome and trust in franchisor. Especially, franchise sales process, orientation, and training in the start-up period are key elements for success of the franchise system. Franchisor's support is an accumulated separate satisfaction evaluation with different kind of service provided by the franchisor. And providing support definitely can improve the trustworthy image of the franchisor. In the franchise system, conflicts of interests and exertions of different power sources are very common. The experience of conflict episodes seems to negatively relate to trust. Therefore, it is important to reduce the negative side of the relationship conflicts. Communication actually plays a broader role in reducing conflict and establish mutual trust in franchisor-franchisee relationship. And effective communication between franchisors and franchisees can improve franchisees' satisfaction toward the franchise system. As the diversification of Chinese markets, both franchisors and franchisees must keep the relevant, timely, and reliable communication. And it is very important to improve the quality of communication. Satisfaction with precious outcomes seems to positively relate to trust. Franchisors and franchisees that are highly satisfied with the previous outcomes that flow from their relationship will perceive their partner as advancing their goal achievement. Therefore, it is necessary for both franchisor and their franchisees to make the welfare of partner with effort. Little literature has focused on what factors affect the trust between franchisors and their franchisees in China. This study developed the hypotheses regarding the factors affecting trust in the transaction relationship. The results of data analysis supported the hypotheses strongly. There are certain limitations in this study. First, we may point out that some other factors missed in this study could be significantly important. Second, the context of this study, food service industry, limits its potential generalizability for all franchise systems. More studies in different categories of franchise system are needed to broaden its generalizability. Third, the model was tested empirically in a sample in Beijing, more empirical tests of the proposed model in other Chinese areas are needed. Finally, the analysis in this study was solely based on the perception of franchisees and the opinions of franchisors were not included.