• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.194-200
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• 2018

Glycogen plays important roles in bacteria. Its structure and storage capability have received more attention recently because of the potential correlations with environmental durability and pathogenicity. However, the low level of intracellular glycogen makes extraction and structure characterization difficult, inhibiting functional studies. Bacteria grown in regular media such as lysogeny broth and tryptic soy broth do no accumulate large amounts of glycogen. Comparative analyses of bacterial media reported in literature for glycogen-related studies revealed that there was no consistency in the recipes reported. Escherichia coli $DH5{\alpha}$ is a convenient model organism for gene manipulation studies with respect to glycogen. Additionally, M9 minimal salts medium is widely used to improve glycogen accumulation, although its composition varies. In this study, we optimized the M9 medium by adjusting the concentrations of itrogen source, tryptone, carbon source, and glucose, in order to achieve a balance between the growth rate and glycogen accumulation. Our result showed that $1{\times}M9$ minimal salts medium containing 0.4% tryptone and 0.8% glucose was a well-balanced nutrient source for enhancing the growth and glycogen storage in bacteria. This result will help future investigations related to bacterial physiology in terms of glycogen function.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.235-241
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• 1985

본 연구는, catabolic repression시킨 효모세포를 완전배지와 최소배지에서 derepression시켜, 배양시기 및 인산 첨가농도(free, limited, sufficient)에 따른 5종의 다당류 합성변화를 조사하였다. 그리고 다당류 합성과 무기폴리인산 축적량 및 인지질 합성 사이의 상관지수를 구하여 합성시 관련되는 유의한 정도를 검정하였다. 그 결과, 최소배지에서 catabolic derepression시킨 효모세포가, 완전배지에서 derepression시킨 세포에 비하여, glycogen의 합성이 발리 그리고 많이 일어났고, acid soluble glycogen type이 주된 함량을 나타내었으며, alkali soluble glycogen은 당이 많이 소모된 24시간 배양 후에 소량 나타났다. 무기인산 첨가정도에 따라 total glycogen합성이 일정한 비율로 빨리 그리고 높게 일어났다. Glucan의 합성에는 ALPase 중 ALPase "C"가 관련할 것으로 추정되었다. Mannan은 ezponential phase초기와 정체기때, acid soluble 분획은 정체기때 최대함량을 나타내었다. Mannan 합성과 poly-P "C"축적량 사이의 상관지수는 0.866, mannan합성과 인지질 사이의 상관지수는 0.726으로 나타나 매우 유의하였다.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.451-455
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• 2022

Glycogen storage disease (GSD) is a group of inherited disorders, which result in the deficiency of enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism, leading to an accumulation of glycogen in various organs. Deficiency of amylo-1-6-glicosidase (debranching enzyme) causes glycogen storage disease type III (GSD III). The main problems that anesthesiologists face in patients with GSD III include hypoglycemia, muscle weakness, delayed awakening due to abnormal liver function, possible difficulty in airway, and cardiomyopathy. In the face of these difficulties, airway preparation and appropriate glucose monitoring and support during the fasting period are important. The doses of the drugs to be used should be calculated considering the increased volume of distribution and decreased metabolic activity of the liver. We present the case of a child with GSD IIIa who underwent dental prosedation under general anesthesia. She was also being prepared for liver transplantation. This case was additionally complicated by the patient's serious allergic reaction to eggs and milk.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.29-39
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• 2018

Vibrio vulnificus needs various responsive mechanisms to survive and transmit successfully in alternative niches of human and marine environments, and to ensure the acquisition of steady energy supply to facilitate such unique life style. The bacterium had genetic constitution very different from that of Escherichia coli regarding metabolism of glycogen, a major energy reserve. V. vulnificus accumulated more glycogen than other bacteria and at various levels according to culture medium and carbon source supplied in excess. Glycogen was accumulated to the highest level in Luria-Bertani (3.08 mg/mg protein) and heart infusion (4.30 mg/mg protein) complex media supplemented with 1% (w/v) maltodextrin at 3 h into the stationary phase. Regarding effect of carbon source, more glycogen was accumulated when maltodextrin (2.34 mg/mg protein) was added than when glucose or maltose (0.78.1-14 mg/mg protein) was added as an excessive carbon source to M9 minimal medium, suggesting that maltodextrin metabolism might affect glycogen metabolism very closely. These results were supported by the analysis using the malP (encoding a maltodextrin phosphorylase) and malQ (encoding a 4-${\alpha}$-glucanotransferase) mutants, which accumulated much less glycogen than wild type when either glucose or maltodextrin was supplied as an excessive carbon source, but at different levels (3.1-80.3% of wild type glycogen). Therefore, multiple pathways for glycogen metabolism were likely to function in V. vulnificus and that responding to maltodextrin might be more efficient in synthesizing glycogen. All of the glycogen samples from 3 V. vulnificus strains under various conditions showed a narrow side chain length distribution with short chains (G4-G6) as major ones. Not only the comparatively large accumulation volume but also the structure of glycogen in V. vulnificus, compared to other bacteria, may explain durability of the bacterium in external environment.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.181-188
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• 2005

We investigated the effects of diet manipulation on pro- and macro-glycogen accumulation and mobilization during exercise in different kinds of muscle fiber and tissue. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into groups representing one of two dietary conditions: high fat (HF, n=16) or standard chow (CHOW, n=16). Each dietary group was fm1her divided into control (REST, n=8) and exercise (EXE, n=8). After an eight-week dietary intervention period, the animals in EXE swam for 3 hours while the animals in REST remained at rest Skeletal muscle (soleus, red gastrocnemius and white gastrocnemius) and liver samples were then dissected out and used for analyses. 1here was no statistical difference in body weight between the animals in the HF and mow groups (p>.05). Three hours of exercise significantly increased plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration in the animals in the CHOW group but not in the animals in the HF group. Both citrate. synthase (CS) and $\beta$-hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase ($\beta$-HAD) activities in skeletal muscles were higher in the HF group than in the mow group. CS and $\beta$-HAD activities were also the highest in red gastrocnemius and the lowest in white gastrocnemius. At both time points (i.e., rest and immediately after exercise) intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) and liver TG concentrations were significantly higher in the HF compared to the CHOW. IMTG and liver TG changed selectively in the CHOW. Except in white gastrocnemius muscle, there was no significant difference in total glycogen content between HF and mow at rest. Although exercise significantly lowered total glycogen content in all groups and tissues (p<.05), the degree of reduction was markedly greater in the mow than in the HF. Whereas changes in proglycogen concentration showed a trend similar to those of total glycogen, alterations in macroglycogen concentrations clearly differed from those of total glycogen. Specifically, the degree of reduction of macroglycogen following three hours of exercise was substantially greater in the CHOW than in the HF. These results suggest that metabolic alterations induced by a long-term high fat diet may be caused by macro-glycogen rather than pro-glycogen.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.78-85
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• 2021

본 연구는 고지방식이 마우스에서 체중 감소, 혈당 감소 및 인슐린 저항성 개선 효과를 가지는 LNS1 균주의 간 내 글리코겐 함량에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 고지방식이에 의한 비정상적인 글리코겐 대사 개선을 위한 활용 가능성을 검토하고자 실시하였다. LNS1을 12주간 경구 투여한 고지방식이 마우스의 간에서 포도당 운반체 단백질인 GLUT2와 글리코겐 합성의 주요 효소인 GCK, GYS2의 유전자 발현 변화를 확인한 결과, LNS1의 경구 투여는 고지방식이 마우스에 비해 GLUT2와 GYS2의 유전자 발현을 각각 약 2배, 1.8배 증가시켰으며, GCK의 발현에는 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, GCK의 regulatory unit으로 작용하여 GCK의 활성을 억제하는 GCKR와 글리코겐 분해 과정의 주요 효소인 G6PC의 발현은 LNS1 투여에 의해 HFD마우스에 비해 각각 약 53%, 32% 감소함을 보였다. 간 조직에서의 결과와 마찬가지로 HepG2 세포에 LNS1-CM의 처리는 GLUT2와 GYS2의 유전자 발현을 약 1.9배, 2배 증가시켰으며, GCK의 발현 변화에는 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. GCKR과 G6PC의 유전자 발현 또한 LNS1-CM 처리에 의해 각각 77%, 47% 감소함을 보였다. 또한, 간 조직 내 글리코겐 함량은 고지방식이와 LNS1 투여를 병행한 마우스에서 고지방식이 마우스에 비해 약 1.5배 증가한 것으로 조사되었다. 위의 결과들을 종합해 볼 때, LNS1은 GLUT2, GYS2, GCKR와 G6PC의 발현 조절을 통해 간 조직내 글리코겐 함량을 증가시켜 고지방식이에 의한 글리코겐 대사 이상을 개선시키는 효과를 가지는 것으로 사료된다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.55-58
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• 2002

The effects of exogenous glucose in artificial spring water (ASW) were studied on the survival and infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. The mean percent survival of cercariae maintained in 1% glucose in ASW for 36 and 48hr was significantly greater than that of cercariae maintained identically in ASW. Cercariae maintained in ASW with or without glucose for 24hr, fixed in neutral buffered formalin, and stained in Oil Red O. showed an accumulation of neutral lipid in the tail. Cercariae maintained as described above and stained in periodic acid-Schiff exhibited depleted glycogen, mainly from the tail. Cercariae maintained in ASW with glucose for 24hr did not resynthesize glycogen. Cercariae maintained in ASW with glucose for 24hr were as capable of infecting male FVBN202 mice as were freshly emerged cercariae, and increased the percent of worm recovery. Exogeneous glucose added to ASW prolonged the survival of S. mansoni cercariae and increased infectivity in terms of worm recovery.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.260-265
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• 2007

Preservation methods on the physiological and brewing technical characters in bottom and top brewing yeast strains were investigated. The preserved yeasts were reactivated after 24 months storage and grown up to stationary phase. The samples of filter paper storage indicated a higher cell growth and viability during propagation than those of nitrogen and lyophilization storage independent on propagation temperature. In addition, the filter paper storage demonstrated a faster absorption of free amino nitrogen and a highest level of higher aliphatic alcohols production during propagation than other preservation methods, which can be attributed to intensive cell growth during propagation. Moreover, the filter paper storage showed a faster accumulation for glycogen and trehalose during propagation, whereas, in particular, lyophilization storage noted a longer adaptation time regarding synthesis of glycogen and trehalose with delayed cell growth. In beer analysis, the filter paper storage formed an increased higher aliphatic alcohols than control. In conclusion, the preservation of filter paper affected positively on yeast growth, viability and beer quality independent on propagation temperature. In addition, in this study, it was obtained that the HICF and Helm-test can be involved as rapid methods for determination of flocculation capacity.

• BMB Reports
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• 제54권12호
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• pp.626-631
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• 2021

Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is a critical component of cytokine and growth factor signaling pathways regulating hematopoietic cell proliferation. JAK2 mutations are associated with multiple myeloproliferative neoplasms. Although physiological and pathological functions of JAK2 in hematopoietic tissues are well-known, such functions of JAK2 in the nervous system are not well studied yet. The present study demonstrated that JAK2 could negatively regulate neuronal differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Depletion of JAK2 stimulated neuronal differentiation of mouse ESCs and activated glycogen synthase kinase 3β, Fyn, and cyclin-dependent kinase 5. Knockdown of JAK2 resulted in accumulation of GTP-bound Rac1, a Rho GTPase implicated in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics. These findings suggest that JAK2 might negatively regulate neuronal differentiation by suppressing the GSK-3β/Fyn/CDK5 signaling pathway responsible for morphological maturation.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.114-122
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• 1969

成體 albino 흰쥐를 實驗群과 對照群으로 나누어 對照群에는 0.9% 生理食鹽水를, 實驗群에는 methylene blue(38mg/kg, pH 7.4)를 各各 腹腔에 注射한 後 約 30 分後에 總線量 360 rads의 $^{60}Co-\gamma$ 線을 一時全身照射하였다. 照射後 64時間區 와 212時間區로 나누어서 肝 및 心臟組織을 觀察하였다. 照射直後 肝 및 心臟組織을 6% glutaraldehyde (pH 7.4)와 1% osmium tetroxide (pH 7.4)로 冷室에서 二重固定하였으며 脫水한 後 Epon 812로 胞埋하여 MT-2 Porter Blum ultramicrotome 으로 超薄切斷하여 切片을 만들었다. 이를 uranyl acetate 와 lead citrate 로 二重染色한후 Hi9tachi HU-11 E型 電子顯微鏡으로 觀察하였다. 64時間區의 methylene blue 處理群과 對照群에서 肝組織은 顯著한 組織學的 變化의 差를 나타냈다. 다시 말하면 methylene blue 處理群에 比하여 對照群에서는 mitochondria 의 膨大, cristae 의 切斷, endoplasmic reticulum 의 破壞를 觀察할 수 있었으며 또한 endoplasmic reticulum 에 glycogen 粒子의 蓄積을 觀察할수 있었다. 한편 methylene blue 處理群에 比하여 對照群의 212時間區에서도 같은 變化樣相을 나타냈으나 endoplasmic reticulum 에 많은 vacuole 이 形成되었음을 觀察할 수가 있었다. 그러나 methylene blue 處理群은 正當群($\gamma$ 線의 照射와 methylene blue를 處理하지 않음)에 比하여 若干의 差가 觀察되었을 뿐 顯著한 組織學的變化는 나타나지 않았다. 心臟組織에서는 兩群 卽 實驗群과 正當群사이에 顯著한 差는 別로 觀察할 수 없었으나 methylene blue 群에 比하여 對照群에 若干의 變化가 觀察되었다. 다시말하면 methylene blue 處理群에 比하여 64時間區의 對照群에서는 mitochondria의 若干의 膨大, cristae 에 若干의 切斷을 觀察할수 있었고 212時間區의 對照群에서는 sarcoplasmic reticulum에서 若干의 液胞와 glycogen 粒子의 若干의 增加를 觀察할수 있었다. 이로 미루어 보아 methylene blue 가 放射線에 對하여 防禦 果가 있는 것으로 思料된다.