• 생명과학회지
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.1002-1014
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• 2023

다양한 질병의 발병 및 진행을 예방하기 위해 오랫동안 사용되어 온 대계는 항산화 활성을 포함하여 광범위한 생리 활성을 갖는 것으로 보고되었으나, 간세포에서의 효능에 대한 연구는 여전히 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 간세포에서 대계 에탄올 추출물(EECJ)의 항산화 활성 및 관련 기전을 조사하기 위해 인간 간세포암종 HepG2 세포주를 선택하였고, 산화적 스트레스를 모방하기 위해 H₂O₂를 처리하였다. 본 연구 결과에 따르면 EECJ는 H₂O₂가 처리된 HepG2 세포에서 세포 생존율의 감소와 LDH의 방출을 유의적으로 억제하였다. EECJ는 또한 세포 형태학적 변화의 관찰, 유세포 분석 및 LC3의 발현 결과에서 입증된 바와 같이 H₂O₂에 의해 유도된 자가포식을 유의하게 감소시켰으며, H₂O₂에 의해 유도된 세포사멸과 세포주기의 교란을 약화시켰다. 이는 H₂O₂에 노출된 HepG2 세포가 EECJ에 의하여 지속적인 세포 분열과 증식이 유지되고 있음을 의미한다. 또한, EECJ가 강력한 항산화 활성을 가지고 있음을 세포 내 ROS 및 미토콘드리아 슈퍼옥사이드 생산의 차단으로 확인하였으며, 이는 H₂O₂에 의해 감소된 세포 내 GSH 함량의 회복과 MnSOD 및 GPx의 발현 및 활성을 보존과 연관성이 있었다. 비록 EECJ에 함유된 활성 성분의 분석과 in vivo 동물 모델에서의 검증이 요구되지만, 본 연구의 결과는 EECJ가 산화적 스트레스로 인한 간세포의 손상을 예방하고 치료하기 위한 잠재적인 후보로 사용될 수 있음을 의미한다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.223-232
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• 2012

본 연구는 커피박 첨가 사료가 육계의 사양 성적, 면역 장기 무게, 혈액성상 및 항산화 방어 작용에 미치는 영향에 대하여 조사하기 위하여 실시되었다. 실험 설계로서 3일령 육계 162수를 각 처리구당 54수씩(n=6, 케이지당 9수) 대조군(CON), 커피박 0.5%(CM0.5) 및 1.0%(CM.0) 3 처리군에 완전임의 배치하여 35일령까지 사양 시험을 실시하였다. 커피박 분말은 육계 후기 사양 기간(2~35일령) 동안에 첨가하여 급여하였다. In vitro radical 소거능 분석(DPPH 방법) 결과, 커피박 추출물은 매우 높은 radical 소거능(RSA)을 보였다. 사양 시험 결과, 커피박 0.5 및 1.0% 참가 급여는 체중, 증체량, 사료 섭취량 및 사료 요구율에 따른 부정적 영향이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 간, 비장 및 F-낭 등 면역 관련 장기 무게 역시 커피박 첨가에 따른 영향을 받지 않았으나, 흉선의 무게는 커피박 첨가군에서 유의적으로(P<0.05) 증가되었다. 혈액 생화학 성상에서도 glucose, total protein, triglyceride, cholesterol 등은 차이가 없었으나, albumin은 커피박 첨가군에서 유의하게(P<0.05) 증가하였다. 소장점막세포 및 간조직에서 SOD, GPX 및 GST와 같은 항산화 효소의 활성도 및 GSH 함량은 커피박 첨가에 따른 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 간세포의 microsome 조직에서 지질과 산화도(MDA)는 커피박 첨가에 따라 감소되었으며, CM0.5 군에서 대조군에 비해 현저히(P<0.05) 감소되었다. 결론적으로 0.5~1.0% 수준의 커피박 첨가 급여는 육계의 사양 성적에 부정적인 영향을 미치지 않았으며, 오히려 간 조직의 지질과산화를 억제하여 체 조직에서 항산화력을 증가시키므로 육계 사료 내 천연 항산화 소재로서 이용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.89-101
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• 1992

직(直), 간접적(間接的)으로 활성산소(活性酸素)를 발생시켜 엽록소(葉綠素) 및 막파괴(膜破壞)를 일으키는 제초제(除草劑)들의 선택성기구(選擇性機構)를 명확히 하기 위해서는 제초제(除草劑)의 체내흡수(體內吸收), 이행(移行), 대사(代謝) 외(外)에 작용점(作用點)에서의 감수성(感受性), 과산화(過酸化) 능력(能力), 막(膜)의 안정성(安定性) 및 항산화(抗酸化) 능력(能力)의 차이(差異) 등(等)에 대해서도 검사(檢射)되어야 할 것이다. 본(本) 실험(實驗)에서는 대부분의 백화형(白化型) 제초제(除草劑) 처리에서 관찰되는 벼, 피 반응(反應) 차이(差異)의 일부(一部)를 이러한 관점에 기준을 두어 해석해 보고자 실험(實驗)을 수행하였다. 1. 피가 벼보다 여러 백화형(白化型) 제초제(除草劑)에 대해 민감(敏感)하였으며, 무처리(無處理)의 엽신(葉身)을 절취(切取)하여 두었을때도 노화(老化), 괴사(壞死)되는 정도가 피에서 더욱 빨라 생리적(生理的)으로 약한 특성을 보였다. 2. Oxyfluorfen 처리후의 PPIX 축적과 norflurazon 처리후의 carotene 감소율(減少率)은 벼, 피간의 선택성(選擇性)과는 상관이 없었다. 3. Lipoxygenase 활성(活性)은 피가 약 5-6배(倍)높고, 불포화지방산(不飽和脂肪酸)의 비율도 피가 벼보다 높아 과산화(過酸化)가 쉽게 일어날 수 있는 소질(素質)을 갖고 있었다. 4. Peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, ascorbic acid oxidase 등(等)의 생체중당(生體重當) 활성(活性)은 벼가 피보다 각각 3.6, 11.4, 1.5. 2.5배(倍) 더 높았다. 한편 약제처리 후 항산화(抗酸化) 효소(酵素) 유기능력(誘起能力)에 있어서는 오이 peroxidase에서와는 달리 벼, 피에서는 변화가 없거나 오히려 비슷한 정도로 활성(活性)이 떨어지는 경향이었다. 5. 항산화제(抗酸化劑) 함량(含量)의 경우 벼가 피보다 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol은 2.3배(倍) ascorbic acid는 4.1배(倍), GSH는 1.7배(倍), carotenoid는 1.8배(倍) 높았다. 따라서 유묘기(幼苗期)(3-4 엽기(葉期) 미만(未滿))의 벼, 피에 백화형(白化型) 제초제(除草劑)를 처리할 때 피가 공통적 A로 감수성(感受性)을 보였던 이유는 피가 기본적으로 가지고 있는 성질(性質) 즉 낮은 색소대사력(色素代謝力), 항산화(抗酸化) 효소(酵素)의 낮은 활성(活性), 항산화제(抗酸化劑)의 저함량(低含量), 높은 불포화(不飽和) 지방산(脂肪酸) 비율(比率), lipoxygenase의 고활성(高活性) 등(等)을 보유하고 있는데도 그 원인이 있는 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.233-240
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of L-carnitine on growth performance, organ weight, biochemical parameters of blood, heart and liver, and ascites susceptibility of broilers at different ages reared under a low-temperature environment. A total of 420 1-d-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments with fifteen replicates of fourteen broilers each. Treatment diets consisted of L-carnitine supplementation at levels of 0 and 100 mg/kg. At 11-d of age, low temperature stress was used to increase ascites susceptibility. Blood, heart and liver samples were collected at different ages for analysis of boichemical parameters. The results showed that, there was no significant difference in growth performance with L-carnitine supplementation, but the mortality due to ascites was significantly decreased. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced heart index (HI) and ascites heart index (AHI) on d 21, lung index (LUI) on d 35 and liver index (LI) on d 42. The broilers fed diets containing L-carnitine had significantly lower red blood cell counts (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB) concentration and hematocrit (HCT) on d 42. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content of heart tissue on d 21 and 35, and significantly increased total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of the heart on d 21 and 42. L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced serum triglyceride (TG) content on d 28 and 35 and serum glucose (GLU) on d 35 and 42, and significantly increased serum total protein (TP) and globulin (GLO) content on d 42. L-carnitine supplementation significantly enhanced liver succinodehydrogenase (SDH), malic dehydrogenase (MDH) and $Na^+$-$K^+$-ATPase activity on d 28, and tended to reduce the lactic acid (LD) level of liver on d 35 (p = 0.06). L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced serum uric acid (UA) content on d 28, 35 and 42. Based on the current results, it can be concluded that dietary L-carnitine supplementation reduced organ index, red blood cell counts and hematocrit, enhanced antioxidative capacity of the heart, enhanced liver enzymes activity involved in tricarboxylic acid cycle, and reduced serum glucose and triglyceride. Therefore, it is suggested that L-carnitine can potentially reduce susceptibility and mortality due to ascites.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.207-221
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• 2018

Objectives : Present study investigated hepatoprotective effect of Haegan-jeon extract (HE) and tried to elucidate molecular mechanism involved. According to molecular mechanism, present study optimized herbal composition of HE (op-HE) and compared in vitro and in vivo hepatoprotective effects of op-HE to HE. Methods : For in vitro experiments, HepG2 cells were exposed to arachidonic acid (AA, $10{\mu}M$) and iron ($5{\mu}M$) for inducing oxidative stress. Cell viability, GSH contents, $H_2O_2$ production, mitochondrial membrane potential, immunoblot and reporter gene assay were performed to investigate cytoprotective effects and responsible molecular mechanisms. For in vivo experiments, hepatoprotective effect of HE and op-HE were assessed on $CCl_4-induced$ liver injury mice model. Results : HE pretreatment prevented AA+iron-mediated hepatocytes apoptosis. In addition, AA+iron-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, $H_2O_2$ production, glutathione depletion were reduced by HE pretreatment. In addition, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) phosphorylation, antioxidant response element (ARE)-driven reporter gene activity, and antioxidant genes expression were increased by HE. Based on reporter gene and MTT assays, we found that op-HE consisting three medicinal herbs also significantly increased transactivation of Nrf2 and reduced the AA+iron-mediated cytotoxicity. Moreover, in $CCl_4-induced$ liver injury mice model, HE-op had an ability to ameliorate $CCl_4-mediated$ increases in serum alanine transferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity, hepatic degeneration, inflammatory cell infiltration, and collagen deposition. Hepatoprotective effects of op-HE were comparable to those of HE. Conclusions : Present study suggests that op-HE as well as HE exhibit hepatoprotective effect against oxidative stress-mediated liver injury via Nrf2 activation.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.76-91
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• 2002

The lipid lowering and antioxidant effects of Gansoo(BL18), Pungji(GB20) and Eumnungcheun(SP9) acupuncture in rats fed high fat diet were analyzed in biochemical and molecular biological aspects. The results obtained from this study are as follows : 1. In the body weight reduction, all acupuncture groups showed a high reduction compared to those of control group and in acupuncture groups, Gansoo(BL18) and Pungji(GB20) acupuncture groups showed a high reduction. 2. The concentration of plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol with acupuncture groups showed a little decrease and in acupuncture groups, Gansoo(BL18) and Pungji(GB20) groups showed a low values compared to those of other acupuncture groups. However, the tendency of HDL-cholesterol concentration showed no significant different. 3. The concentration of plasma ${\beta}-lipoprotein$ and free fatty acids showed a lowest values in the Gansoo(BL18) and Pungji(GB20) acupuncture groups and the glucose concentration showed to decrease in all treated acupuncture groups. 4. The concentration of liver total cholesterol and triglyceride in Gansoo(BL18) and Pungji(GB20) acupuncture groups showed a lower values than those of control group. 5. In all the acupuncture groups, the plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) activity showed a little decrease. In the glutamic pyruvate activity(GPT), Gansoo(BL18) and Pungji(GB20) acupuncture groups showed a lower values than those of control groups. However the values of eumneungcheun acupuncture only group showed no significant difference to those of control group. 6. The plasma and liver Thiobabituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentration in Gansoo(BL18) and Pungji(GB20) acupuncture groups were a lower than those of control group. However the values of eumneungcheun acupuncture group showed no significant difference to control group. 7. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in Gansoo(BL18) acupuncture group and Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in Gansoo(BL18) and Pungji(GB20) acupuncture groups showed a high values. The catalase (CAT) activity in all the acupuncture groups showed a higher values than those of control group. 8. In acupuncture groups, DNA expression of Apo-B and Apo-E showed a tendency to decrease, however DNA expression of leptin showed no significant difference in all treatment groups. DNA expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ showed a increase in acupuncture groups. These results indicate that Gansoo(BL18) and Pungji(GB20) (especially Gansoo(BL18)) acupuncture affect the lipid metabolism and showed possibility of lowering adipose tissue mass and lipid peroxidation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.872-880
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of glucuronic acid on antioxidative defense system and recovery of muscle fatigue in rat artier aerobic exercise. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 150 $\pm$ 10g were randomly assigned to one normal(N) group and three exercise training groups. Exercise training groups were classified into glucuronic acid free intubation group(T group), 250mg glucuronic acid/kg bw intubation group(TU group), and 500 mg glucuronic acid/kg bw intubation group(2TU group) according to glucuronic acid supplementation level. The glucuronic acids were administered to rats by oral intubation before exercise training. The experimental rats in exercise training groups(T, TU and 2TU) were exercised on glucuronic acid supplementation or rats in normal group were confined in cage for 4 weeks. And rats were sacrificed with an overdose of pentobarbital injection just after running. Liver xanthine oxidase(XOD) activities were not significantly different among four groups. The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) in T group was no significant difference from N group, but those of TU and 2TU groups were increased by 9% and 18%, respectively, compared with that of T group. Liver glutathione peroxidase(GSHpx) activites of T and TU groups showed a similar tendency to that of normal group, but increase 17% in 2TU group compared with normal group. The ratio of GSH/GSSG in liver of T group was lower than that of normal group, but those of TU and 2TU groups were a similar tendency to that of normal group. Contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) in T group was increased by 47%, compared with that of normal group but those of TU group and 2TU group were lower 27% and 35%, respectively, compared with that of T group. The contents of glycogen in soleus muscle significantly lower in all three trained exercise groups than that of normal group, but there were no significant differences among the trained exercise groups. Contents of hepatic glycogen in T group were decreased 27% compared with those of normal group while those of TU and 2TU groups were the same as normal group levels. The contents of serum lactic acid in T group were increased 240% of normal group, but hose of TU and 2TU groups were decreased 38%, 39%, respectively, by glucuronic acid supplementations, compared with that of T group. In conclusion, the effects of glucuronic acids in exercise training rats would appear to reduce peroxidation of tissue as an antioxidative defense mechanism and promote recovery of muscle fatigue.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.156-161
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• 2009

Hyperglycemia in the diabetic state increases oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy can be strongly correlated with decreased risks for diabetic complications. The purpose of this study is to determine antioxidant effect of garlic and aged black garlic in animal model of type 2 diabetes. The antioxidant activity of garlic and aged black garlic was measured as the activity in scavenging free radicals by the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. Three week-old db/db mice were fed AIN-93G diet or diet containing 5% freeze-dried garlic or aged black garlic for 7 weeks after 1 week of adaptation. Hepatic levels of lipid peroxides and activities of antioxidant enzymes were measured. TEAC values of garlic and aged black garlic were $13.3{\pm}0.5$ and $59.2{\pm}0.8{\mu}mol/g$ wet weight, respectively. Consumption of aged black garlic significantly decreased hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level compared with the garlic group which showed lower TBARS level than control group (p<0.05). Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) of garlic and aged black garlic group were significantly elevated compared to the control group. Catalase (CAT) activity of aged black garlic group was increased compared with the control group. These results show that aged black garlic exerts stronger antioxidant activity than garlic in vitro and in vivo, suggesting garlic and aged black garlic, to a greater extent, could be useful in preventing diabetic complications.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.275-282
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• 2016

본 연구는 4종의 별의별간(SS) 음료의 간보호 소재로서의 이용 가능성을 조사하고자 항산화능 평가, t-BHP 와 $CCl_4$로 산화적 손상 및 급성 간독성 유도한 in vitro, in vivo 모델을 활용하여 간보호능을 평가하였다. 실험결과, 별의별간 01~04는 $50{\mu}M$ vitamin C 와 유사한 항산화 효과를 나타내었다. HepG2 세포에 t-BHP로 산화 스트레스를 유도한 뒤 나타나는 세포독성에 대해 별의별간 01 및 04에서 농도 의존적인 세포 보호효과를 보였으며, ROS 생성 억제에서 별의별간 01, 03, 04에서 농도의존적인 억제를 나타내었다. 미나리가 혼합된 별의별간 04에 대한 급성 간손상 in vivo 모델을 활용하여 간보호능 검증 결과, 별의별간 04는 $CCl_4$로 증가된 혈중 ALT, AST의 유의적 감소, 간 조직중 증가된 MDA 함량 감소 및 감소된 GSH의 유의적 증가를 나타내었다. 또한, 혈청 및 간 조직에서 증가된 중성지방과 콜레스테롤을 유의적으로 감소시켰다. 이러한 결과를 종합하며, 별의별간 04는 in vitro 및 in vivo 모델에서 산화적 손상에 대해 간보호 효과를 나타내었다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2015

Objectives : Oxidative stress is one of the most causes of hepatocyte injury. Gleditsia spina, the thorns ofGleditsia sinensisLam., has been known for its anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects in Korean medicine. The present study investigated hepatoprotective effect of Gleditsia spina water extract (GSE) against oxidative stress induced by arachidonic acid (AA) + iron in HepG2 cells.Methods : To investigate cytoprotective effect of GSE, cells were pretreated with GSE and then subsequently exposed to 10 μM AA for 12 h, followed by 5 μM iron. Cell viability was monitored by MTT assay, and expression of apoptosis-related proteins was examined by immunoblot analysis. To identify responsible molecular mechanisms, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, GSH contents, and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured. In addition, effect of GSE on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation was determined by immunoblot and antioxidant response element (ARE)-driven reporter gene assays.Results : GSE pretreatment prevented AA + iron-mediated cytotoxicity in concentration dependent manner. In addition, ROS production, glutathione depletion, and mitochondrial impairment by AA + iron were significantly inhibited by GSE. Furthermore, GSE promoted translocation of Nrf2 to nucleus, which acts as essential transcription factor for induction of antioxidant genes. Increased nuclear Nrf2 that caused by GSE treatment promoted transcriptional activity of ARE. Finally, GSE up-regulated sestrin-2 which was widely recognized as target gene of Nrf2.Conclusions : This study demonstrates that GSE protects hepatocytes from oxidative stress via activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway.