• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.467-476
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• 2016

In the present study, we examined the effect of pertussis toxin (PTX) administered centrally in a variety of stress-induced blood glucose level. Mice were exposed to stress after the pretreatment of PTX (0.05 or 0.1 mg) i.c.v. or i.t. once for 6 days. Blood glucose level was measured at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min after stress stimulation. The blood glucose level was increased in all stress groups. The blood glucose level reached at maximum level after 30 min of stress stimulation and returned to a normal level after 2 h of stress stimulation in restraint stress, physical, and emotional stress groups. The blood glucose level induced by cold-water swimming stress was gradually increased up to 1 h and returned to the normal level. The intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or intrathecal (i.t.) pretreatment with PTX, a $G_i$ inhibitor, alone produced a hypoglycemia and almost abolished the elevation of the blood level induced by stress stimulation. The central pretreatment with PTX caused a reduction of plasma insulin level, whereas plasma corticosterone level was further up-regulated in all stress models. Our results suggest that the hyperglycemia produced by physical stress, emotional stress, restraint stress, and the cold-water swimming stress appear to be mediated by activation of centrally located PTX-sensitive G proteins. The reduction of blood glucose level by PTX appears to due to the reduction of plasma insulin level. The reduction of blood glucose level by PTX was accompanied by the reduction of plasma insulin level. Plasma corticosterone level up-regulation by PTX in stress models may be due to a blood glucose homeostatic mechanism.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.483-488
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• 1998

During cerebral ischemia two important factors such as hypoxia and reduction of glucose can act as modulating stressor affecting the release of amine neurotransmitters including 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). This study was performed to investigate the effect of glucose deprivation on the oxygen deprivation-induced changes of [3H]-5-HT release in the rat hippocampal slices. Experimental groups were divided into 4 groups for this study: normoxic/normoglycemic group, oxygen-deprived group, glucose-deprived group, and oxygen/glucose-deprived group. The hippocampus of rat brain was sliced by 400 $\mu\textrm{m}$ thickness with manual chopper. After 30 minutes preincubation in the normal buffer, the slices were incubated for 20 min in buffer containing [3H]-5-HT (0.1 M, 74 $\mu\textrm$Ci) for uptake. To measure the release of [3H]-5-HT into the buffer, the incubation medium was drained of and refilled with fresh buffer every ten minutes through a sequence of 14 tubes. Oxygen deprivation by gassing with 95% $N_2$/5% $CO_2$ and/or glucose deprivation was done in the 6th and 7th tube. The radioactivities in each buffer and the tissue were counted using scintillation counter. The results were expressed as fractional release. When slices were exposed to oxygen-deprived media for 20 min, the diminution followed by the rebound release of [3H]-5-HT was observed during the post-oxygen deprived period. However, glucose deprivation or oxygen/glucose deprivation markedly increased the release of [3H]-5-HT. which was opposite to the pattern observed in oxygen-deprived group. These results suggested that oxygen deprivation itself inhibits [3H]-5-HT release in rat hippocampal slices during oxygen-deprived period, but additional glucose deprivation convert the inhibitory response to increase of [3H]-5-HT release.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.240-246
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• 2008

Cassia tora L. seeds have previously been reported to reduce blood glucose level in human and animals with diabetes. In the present study, the effects of Cassia tora L. seed butanol fraction (CATO) were studied on postprandial glucose control and insulin secretion from the pancreas of the normal and diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by an i.p. injection of Streptozotocin (55 mg/kg BW) into the male Sprague-Dawley rats. The postprandial glucose control was monitored during a 240 min-period using a maltose loading test. In normal rats, rats fed CATO (20 mg/l00 g BW/d) showed lower postprandial glucose levels in all the levels from 30 min up to 180 min than those in the control rats without CATO (p<0.05). In diabetic rats, those levels in the CATO group seemed to be lower during the $30{\sim}180$ min, but only glucose level at 30 min showed significant difference compared to that in the control group. Moreover, CATO delayed the peak time of the glucose rise in both normal and diabetic rats in the glucose curves. On the other hand, when CATO was administered orally to the diabetic rats for 5 days, 12 hr fasting serum glucose level was decreased in the diabetic rats (p<0.05). Degree of a decrease in 12 hr fasting serum insulin levels was significantly less in the diabetic CATO rats as compared to diabetic control rats. On the last day of feeding, P cells of the pancreas were stimulated by 200 mg/dL glucose through a 40 min-pancreas perfusion. Amounts of the insulin secreted from the pancreas during the first phase ($11{\sim}20$ min) and the second phase ($21{\sim}40$ min) in the CATO fed diabetic rats were significantly greater than those in the diabetic control group (p<0.05). These findings indicated that constituents of Cassia tora L. seeds have beneficial effect on postprandial blood glucose control which may be partially mediated by stimulated insulin secretion from the pancreas of the diabetic rats.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of energy source on development of in vitro development of in vitro matured and fertilized porcine 2-cell embryos. The relative preferences of glucose, lactate and pyruvate for in vitro development of porcine 2-cell embryos were determined. The results obtained are as follows. 1. 33.3, 20.8 and 29.2% of porcine embryos reached morula stage in addition to lactate, glucose, and both glucose and lactate in the culture medium as energy source, respectively. 2. 38.5, 15.4 and 26.9% of porcine embryos reached morula stage in addition to pyruvate, glucose, and both glucose and pyruvate in culture medium as energy source, respectively. 3. 42.9, 21.4 and 28.6% of porcine embryos reached morula stage in addition to pyruvate and lactate, glucse alone, and glucose, lactate and pyruvate in culture medium as energy source, respectively.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.417-420
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• 2008

Rheological properties of sweet potato starch (SPS)-glucose composites (5%, w/w) at different concentrations (0, 10, 20, and 30%, w/w) of glucose were investigated in steady and dynamic shear. The steady shear rheological properties of SPS-glucose composites were determined from rheological parameters for power law and Casson flow models. At $25^{\circ}C$ all the samples showed a pronounced shear-thinning behaviors (n=0.29-0.37) with high Casson yield stress. In general, the presence of glucose resulted in the decrease in consistence index (K), apparent viscosity (${\eta}_{a,100}$), and yield stress (${\sigma}_{oc}$). Storage (G') and loss (G") moduli increased with an increase in frequency ($\omega$), while complex viscosity (${\eta}*$) decreased. Dynamic moduli (G', G", and ${\eta}*$) of the SPS-glucose composites at higher glucose concentrations (20 and 30%) were higher than those of the control (0% glucose) and also increased with increasing glucose concentration from 10 to 30%. The effect of glucose on steady and dynamic shear rheological properties of the SPS pastes appears to greatly depend on glucose concentration in the range of 10-30%.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.270-278
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• 1990

This study was an attempt to investigate the usefulness of maltitol as an alternative sweetener. The acute effects of oral ingestion of 50g of maltitol or glucose on blood glucose and insulin levels following test dose were investigated by using five healthy normal subjects and ten diabetic patients. The data demonstrated marked differences between the utilization of maltitol and of glucose in both groups. Blood glucose and insulin responses to glucose were significantly greater than to maltitol in normal subjects(p<0.05). In diabetic patients, the peaks of the mean increment in blood glucose concentration after glucose and maltitol were reached at 60 minutes with mean values of 135mg/dl and 49mg/dl, respectively, and these differences were statistically significant(p<0.001). As for blood insulin responses in diabetic patients, the peak of the mean increment after glucose was 25.03$\mu$U/ml at 120 minutes. In contrast insulin responses to maltitol were significantly lower than to glucose(p<0.05), and the peak value was 7.98$\mu$u/ml at 60min. From these results it can be concluded that ingestion of maltitol resulted in significantly lower blood glucose and insulin increments than did glucose in both normal and diabetic patients.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.271-277
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• 2016

This study was done to investigate the antidiabetic effect of ethanol extract from Codonopsis lanceolata root in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of STZ at a dose 45mg/kg.b.w. dissolved in citrate buffer(pH4.5). The ethanol extract of Codonopsis lanceolata root was orally administrated once a day for 7 days. The contents of serum glucose, triglyceride(TG) and total cholesterol were significantly decreased(p<0.05) in Codonopsis lanceolata root treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group. Also the content of hepatic glycogen and activities of glucose-phosphate dehydrogenase(G-6-PDH) and glucokinase(GK) were significamtly increased(p<0.05). These results indicated that ethanol extract of Codonopsis lanceolata root would have antidiabetic effect in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.281-286
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• 2009

We found previously that Undaria pinnatifida extract has an effect of lowering blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. Therefore, an effect of Undaria pinnatifida extract on the insulin secretion directly from the pancreas was examined in this study. Neonatal diabetes were induced by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin (100 mg/kg body weight) at age of day 1. Rats were fed a rodent pellet diet until they were grown to adults (age of 7 weeks). Rats having a fasting serum glucose level over 250 mg/dL were used in this feeding study and they were divided into two diet groups as follows; a diet with Undaria pinnatifida extract (5%) and a diet without this extract (control group). Fasting (12 hr) blood glucose and serum insulin levels were measured before and after feeding a diet with Undaria pinnatifida extract for 4 weeks. At the last day of feeding, in vitro pancreas perfusion was performed. Pancreas was stimulated with a perfusate without glucose during a period of 0~10 minutes and with a perfusate containing 200 mg/dL glucose during a period of 11~40 minutes. Insulin amount was measured using a radioimmuno assay. In results, amount of the insulin secreted from the pancreas in the diabetic rats fed Undaria pinnatifida extract was significantly greater than that in the diabetic control group during the periods of the equilibration period (0~10 min) and the first phase (11~20 min) of the insulin secretion (P<0.05). It is concluded that Undaria pinnatifida extract increases insulin secretion from the pancreas in the neonatal diabetic rats. Therefore, the blood glucose lowering effect of the Undaria pinnatifida extract may be elucidated by mechanisms with promoted insulin secretion from the pancreas in diabetic rats.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.89-98
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• 2018

Purpose : This study was designed to examine the blood glucose control and increase immunity effects of ${\beta}-glucan$ added cooked barley noodle in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mice with a high-fat diet. Method : Forty-eight male ICR mice (6-week-old) were fed AIN-93 diet for 4 weeks. Mice were divided into six groups: normal, diabetic, cooked barley noodle, ${\beta}-glucan$ (5 %) control and two experimental groups (${\beta}-glucan$ 2.5 % and 5 %, cooked barley noodle contained diet with ${\beta}-glucan$ 2.5 % and 5 % w/w). Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (150 mg/kg). Result : Blood glucose level was significantly decreased in groups consuming cooked barley noodles, but no significant difference was exhibited in diabetic and ${\beta}-glucan$ control group. These results were in accordance with the result of oral glucose tolerance test. Blood interfereon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$ was measured in order to identify increase immunity effect of ${\beta}-glucan$ in diabetic mice. Inhibited $IFN-{\gamma}$ concentration was recovered in cooked barley noodle and ${\beta}-glucan$ control group. Moreover, $IFN-{\gamma}$ concentration was dramatically elevated in ${\beta}-glucan$ contained cooked barley noodle groups in a dose dependent manner. Streptozotocin induced AST and ALT activities were decreased in ${\beta}-glucan$ contained cooked barley noodle groups with a strong lipid lowering effect. Conclusion : Although addition of ${\beta}-glucan$n did not give any significant synergistic effect on cooked barley noodle in blood glucose regulation, suppressed $IFN-{\gamma}$ production by STZ was dramatically enhanced by ${\beta}-glucan$ supplementation in a dose dependent manner. Liver function and blood lipid profile were also in accordance with the increase immunity effect of ${\beta}-glucan$. Consequently, ${\beta}-glucan$ added cooked barley noodle can be consumed as good diets for patients with chronic diseases with reduced immunity.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.340-346
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• 2009

Lithium has only a minimal effect on basal glucose transport activity, instead that lithium markedly increased the sensitivity of glucose transport to insulin by increasing in insulin induced glucose transport activity. And Lithium increases in insulin responsiveness as well. Previous studies has reported this enhancement of lithium to stimulate the glucose transport process is not only limited to insulin, it also induce the increases in the sensitivity of glucose transport by submaximal contractile activity. The preliminary study, however, leads that Lithium possibly improves the responsiveness of glucose transport with maximal muscle contraction. In this study, we investigated the effect of Lithium on contraction for the maximal glucose transport. For the purpose of this study, Epitrochlearis muscles of SD rat were isolated and treated Lithium with electric contraction and/or insulin to activate the maximal glucose transport. The results support that Lithium improves the responsiveness of glucose transport through potentiates contraction and/or insulin induced-glucose uptake in muscle. Consequently Lithium treated with muscle contraction and insulin has the important potential to improve the insulin resistance and diabetes.