• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.621-632
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• 1994

This experiment was performed to study the effect of capsaicin on the excitatory amino acids (EAAs) neurotransmitter in medullary dorsal horn and to clarify the relationship between substance P and excitatory amino acids. Horizontal slice of rat medullary dorsal horn was prepared and perfused with modified Krebs-Ringer solution in brain slice chamber. Release of EAAs was induced by veratrine and capsaicin were added to perfusion solution to observe the changes in EAA release. Capsaicin and ruthenium red, capsaicin antagonist, were also systemically injected with 50mg/kg in first day and 100mg/kg in second day for 2 days. Medulla oblongata containing the medullary dorsal horn was isolated, homogenized and centrifused. Spernatant was freeze-dried and EAA was determined by HPLC. Release of glutamate and aspartate was significantly increased by veratrine or capsaicin, but veratrine evoked release of EAAs was blocked by capsaicin in vitro, and injected ruthenium red did not have effect on the contents of EMs in vivo. Systemically injected capsaicin evoked the slight decrease in content of glutamate and aspartate in medullary dorsal horn and this effect of capsaicin was unaffected by ruthenium red.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 2016

The transcriptional profiles of 'Tamnara' grapevine (Vitis labruscana L.) to Rhizobium vitis were determined using 12,000 gene oligonucleotide microarray chips constructed with 6,776 unigenes based on the EST sequencing. Among them, 95 clones were up-regulated more than three times and 90 were down-regulated more than 5-times in the R. vitis-inoculated grapevines relative to the control vines. Treatment of salicylic acid showed that 337 clones were upregulated and 52 clones were down regulated in grapevines. Microarray analysis, reverse transcription-polymer chain reaction, and slot blot hybridization analysis revealed that 5, 14, and 64 clones were up-regulated and 10, 12, and 61 clones were down-regulated in wounded, salicylic acid-treated, and R. vitis-inoculated 'Tamnara' grapevine leaves, respectively. The expression patterns of ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase, proline-rich protein, and lipoxygenase genes of 'Tamnara' moderately resistant to R. vitis were similar to those of resistant 'Concord' and 'Delaware' grapevines. However, chalcone synthase genes in 'Tamnara' grapevines showed similar expression patterns to susceptible grapevines 'Neomuscat' and 'Rizamat'. Further expression studies with various clones for each gene should be conducted to elucidate their roles in resistant responses against pathogens or other stimuli in grapevines. These results could provide better resources for understanding the mechanism of defense responses against crown gall disease and clues for identifying new genes that may play a role in defense against R. vitis in grapevines.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.120-127
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• 2011

While many isolates of Alternaria alternata are common saprophytes on trees and shrubs, this study clearly demonstrated that A. alternata is a primary pathogen in lilac (Syringa sp.), causing a leaf-blight that affects different Syringa species. Isolates of Alternaria sp. were collected from leaf blight samples of lilacs in the field. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and morphological characterization were used to identify lilac blight pathogen. Based on 100% ITS nucleotide sequence identities to the Alternaria genus in the GenBank and morphological features, these isolates were identified as A. alternata. Disease symptoms were reproduced in lilac plants inoculated with A. alternata mycelial plugs and sprayed with a fungus-free culture filtrate, indicating that pathogenesis in lilac involves secondary metabolites or toxins. Diagnostic primers were developed to detect Alternaria sp. and A. alternata in lilac leaf blight based on ITS region and four known genes associated with pathogenesis in A. alternata: mixed-linked glucanase precursor, endopolygalacturonase, hsp70, and histone genes. The results from our study indicated A. alternata is a primary pathogen in lilac leaf blight, and these diagnostic primers can be used as a tool for the fast detection of A. alternata associated with lilac leaf blight.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.77-86
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• 2013

Anthracnose development by Colletotrichum musae was observed to be significantly less in the fruits of the banana cultivar 'Embul' (Mysore, AAB) infected with Phyllosticta musarum than in fruits without such infections. Anthracnose disease originates from quiescent C. musae infections in the immature fruit. P. musarum incites minute, scattered spots, referred to as freckles, in the superficial tissues of immature banana peel which do not expand during maturation or ripening. P. musarum does not appear to have a direct suppressive effect on C. musae as conidia of C. musae germinate on both freckled and non-freckled fruit forming quiescent infections. Our investigations have shown that P. musarum infection induced several defence responses in fruit including the accumulation of five phytoalexins, upregulation of chitinase and ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity and cell wall lignification. $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectral data of one purified phytoalexin compared closely with 4'-hydroxyanigorufone. Some of the P. musarum-induced defences that retained during ripening, restrict C. musae development at the ripe stage. This paper examines the potential of P. musarum-induced defences, in the control of anthracnose, the most destructive postharvest disease in banana.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.421-428
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• 2010

This study investigated on enzyme production in the digestive organs of the native termite (Reticulitermes speratus) in Milyang, Korea. Four types of major cellulases [EG (endo-1,4-${\beta}$-glucanase), BGL (${\beta}$-glucosidase), CBH (cellobiohydrolase) and BXL (${\beta}$-1,4-xylosidase)] were present in the digestive organs of the termite. The strong enzyme activity for BGL was found from the native termite, and also shown that the enzyme was distributed in the salivary gland, foregut, and hindgut. BXL, which breaks down hemicellulose near the amorphous region, was detected mainly from salivary gland, foregut, and midgut. However, CBH was distributed mainly in the hindgut. Meanwhile, EG which degrades cellulose, was found mainly in the hindgut and salivary glands. These facts indicate that celluases production patterns are differ from different sites compare to the same species found in Japan, suggesting that enzyme production in the digestive organs of termites is changed according to their habitats.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.207-214
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• 2007

lant ${\beta}$-1, 3-glucanases are involved in plant defense and in development. Very little data are available on the expression of rice glucanases both in developmental tissues and under various stresses. In this study, we cloned and characterized twenty-seven rice ${\beta}$-1, 3-glucanases (OsGlu) from at total of 71 putative glucanases. The OsGlu genes were obtained by PCR from a cDNA library and were classified into seven groups (Group I to VII) according to their DNA or amino acid sequence homology. Analysis of the expression of the twenty-seven OsGlu genes by Northern blotting revealed that they were differentially expressed in different developmental tissues as well as in response to plant hormones, biotic stress, high salt etc. OsGlu11 and 27 in Group IV were clearly expressed only in stem and leaf and were also induced strongly by SA (5 mM), ABA ($200{\mu}M$), and M. grisea. OsGlu1, 10, 11, and 14 were induced earlier and to higher levels in incompatible M. grisea interaction than in compatible one. Taken together, our findings suggest that the twenty-seven rice OsGlu gene products play diverse roles not only in plant defense but also in hormonal responses and in development.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.108-112
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• 2007

A cellulase (endo-${\beta}$-1,4-D-glucanase(E.C.3.2.1.4)) was isolated from the hepatopancreas of abalone Haliotis discus hannai by EST analysis. The abalone cellulase named HdEG compassed 1977 bp, including 195 bp in the 5'untranslated region, 1680 bp in the open reading frame which encodes 560 amino acid residues, and 92 bp in the 3'-untranslated region. The C-terminal region of the HdEG showed 44-52% identity to the catalytic domains of glycoside hydrolase family 9 (GHF9)-cellulases from arthropods and bacteria. The recombinant cellulase, pEHdEG was produced in E. coli with being fused with C-terminal His-tag. The expressed protein showed a single band (~62 kDa) on Western blotting which was consistent with the value (61,878 Da) calculated from the DNA sequence.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2015.11a
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• pp.39-39
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• 2015

Korean traditional Nuruk has been developed with various materials and shapes according to geographical environments and climates of their origins. Nuruk is also known as kokja in Korea, reflecting the understanding that microorganisms such as wild fungi, yeasts, and lactobacillus bacteria are naturally inoculated and reproduced. The objective of this study is to identify the characteristics of traditional Nuruk through recreating traditional production methods detailed in ancient Korean documents. In the present study, a total of 58 different kinds of Korean traditional Nuruk were prepared, including 46 kinds of recreated products. Each Nuruk sample was evaluated for its enzymatic activities, including glucoamylase, protease, and glucanase. Their suitability for alcoholic beverage production were compared to each other. To isolate valuable microorganisms from Nuruk samples, alcoholic beverages produced using each sample were subjected to sensory evaluation to determine their taste. In addition, metabolite changes in traditional alcoholic beverages fermented with different kinds of Nuruk were analyzed through mass-based metabolomics approach. This study presents, for the first time, the traditional production methods written in ancient Korean documents using workable production methods supported by modern technologies. In addition, this study analyzed the characteristics of reproduced Nuruk. It could be utilized as a basis for studying traditional Korean traditional alcoholic beverages and their valuable microorganisms.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 1999

In order to increase the enzymatic activity of malt used as a source of traditional processing foods, the enzymatic activities of various barley were examined and the effects of ozone and light illumination treatment on the enzymatic activities of amylase, amylase, and glucanase in malt during man ufacture were also examined. Barley didn't show amylase activity prior to soaking, but the activity of barley increased quickly after soaking. Glutinous barley showed the highest amylase activity among Duru barley, Ol barley, two rowed barley and naked barley. Naked barley showed the lowest activity. The amylase activity was the highest in Duru barley and decreased in the order of in glutinous barley, naked barley and two rowed barley. It was showed that the enzymatic activity of malt was higher than that of control when malt was soaked for 24hr at the concentration of 0.3ppm of ozone. The enzymatic activity of malt treated with light illumination was higher than that of control. The bud and root of light illuminated malt was much stronger than that of control. The root of light illuminated malt was much shorter than that of control. In addition, light illuminated malt showed a little green color which matches the demand of consumer. These studies demonstrated that both ozone and light illumination treatment increased the enzymatic activity of malt to result in high quality of malt manufacture.

• Mycobiology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.311-318
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• 2015

Culture filtrates of six different edible mushroom species were screened for antimicrobial activity against tomato wilt bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum B3. Hericium erinaceus, Lentinula edodes (Sanjo 701), Grifola frondosa, and Hypsizygus marmoreus showed antibacterial activity against the bacteria. Water, n-butanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) of H. erinaceus exhibited high antibacterial activity against different phytopathogenic bacteria: Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, R. solanacearum, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, X. campestris pv. campestris, X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, X. axonopodis pv. citiri, and X. axonopodis pv. glycine. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that water extracts of SMS (WESMS) of H. erinaceus induced expressions of plant defense genes encoding ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase (GluA) and pathogenesis-related protein-1a (PR-1a), associated with systemic acquired resistance. Furthermore, WESMS also suppressed tomato wilt disease caused by R. solanacearum by 85% in seedlings and promoted growth (height, leaf number, and fresh weight of the root and shoot) of tomato plants. These findings suggest the WESMS of H. erinaceus has the potential to suppress bacterial wilt disease of tomato through multiple effects including antibacterial activity, plant growth promotion, and defense gene induction.