• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.45-74
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• 2024

The import content of export (ICE) has served as an indicator of global integration for several decades. It is defined as the share of imported products embodied in exports and can be interpreted as the relative degree of the utilization of global production network (GPN) over the domestic supply chain (DSC) in terms of 'value-added.' This paper proposes two new indicators of global integration. They are defined as the ratios of imports (foreign products) to gross output (domestic products) generated by exports and can be interpreted as the relative degrees of the utilization of GPN over DSC in terms of 'production.' Both indicators are easy to compute and can be compared between years, between countries, between industries, and between groups of industries. The paper applies the new indicators to the recent edition of the OECD's Input-Output Database. Finally, the paper shows that the recent slowdown in international trade is mostly due to the decrease in the international trade of intermediate goods, with significant implications regarding the future of global integration.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.33-53
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• 2021

The import content of exports (ICE) is defined as the amount of foreign input embodied in one unit of export, and it has been used as a measure of the degree of integration into the global production network. In this paper, we suggest an alternative measure based on the decomposition of gross output and imports into the contributions of final demand terms. This measure considers the manner in which a country manages its domestic production base (gross output) and utilizes the foreign sector (imports) simultaneously and can thus be regarded as a more comprehensive measure than ICE. Korea's input-output tables in 1970-2018 are used in this paper. These tables were rearranged according to the same 26-industry classification so that these measures can be computed with time-series continuity and so that the results can be interpreted clearly. The results obtained in this paper are based on extended time-series data and are expected to be reliable and robust. The suggested indicators were applied to these tables, and, based on the results we conclude that the overall importance of the global economy in Korea's economic strategy has risen and that the degree of Korea's integration into the global production network increased over the entire period. This paper also shows that ICE incorrectly measures the movement of the degree of integration into the global production network in some periods.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.84-89
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• 2008

In a wireless channel above microwave frequency, rain attenuation is very important. In order to predict rain attenuation, 1-min. rain rate distribution is required. This paper discusses appropriate conversion methods to estimate 1-minute rain rate from that of other integration time. Based on the measurement data filed in ITU-R WP3J including ETRI data for 6 consecutive years, distributions of rain rate with 1-, 5-, 10-, 20-, 30-minute integration time were analyzed, both on the global and regional basis, and the parametric relationship between the statistical characteristics of 1-minute and other measurement data were investigated to deduce the conversion methods. It is shown that the global model works good with good accuracy for 5-, 10-, 20-min integration time, and the global model is also applicable globally with good accuracy for 5-, 10-, 20-min integration time. The global conversion model was adopted last year as an ITU-R document for new recommendation. The regional conversion model would also be very useful for locations of similar climatic zone.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.65-74
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• 2007

Database integration is a common and growing challenge with the proliferation of database systems, data warehouses, data marts, and other OLAP systems in organizations. Although there are many methods of sharing data between databases, true interoperability of database integration system that improves in the database federation architecture by allowing domain administrators to simply and efficiently capture database semantics. The semantic information is combined using a tool for producing a global view. Building the global view is the bottleneck in integration because there are few tools that support its construction, and these tools often require sophisticated knowledge and experience to operate properly. The technique and tool presented is simple and powerful enough to be used by all database administrators, yet expressive enough to support the majority of integration queries.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.247-256
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• 2004

Recently, International Standardization is an important issue in competitive world market because of integration of standard, liberalization of international trade and globalization. Consequently, Korean companies need a strategy about corresponding to market circumstance and global standard. In this study, we examine Intellectual Property, Patent and Antitrust Law which are related to standardization. This study suggests company strategy and system integration model to dispose the global standard.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.55-66
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• 2009

This study examines the consequent impact which Cheonggyechoen restoration project of Seoul makes on pedestrian network structure around the inner city, especially in terms of sustainable developments and the city's balanced development. It identifies variation of Global Integration and Local Integration of the pedestrian networks which is compared by before and after conditions with east-west and south-north walking axis by using Space Syntax. The results show respectively different set of Global and Local Integration. First, Global Integration shows high performance along the east-west axis, while pedestrian spatial networking is balancing through Donhwamunno and Samillo. Second, Local Integration illustrates both performance along both the east-west axis and the south-north axis after restoration of network. It is primarily concentrated in Taepyeongno$\sim$Samillo section(business and commercial-centered) before the restoration. In addition, total integration is holistically improved while the networking in Samillo$\sim$Baeogaegil section(the instrument shopping streets) if almost same as one another Moreover, in Baeogaegil$\sim$Dongdaemun Stadium section(market-centered), the connectivity of Cheonggyechoenro is improved after the restoration. All in all, Cheonggyechoen restoration project of Seoul allows traffics to be equally accessible from the east-west axis and the south-north axis and contributes to the connectivity improvement of the east-west axis as well as the south-north axis.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.201-208
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• 2019

Numerical integration is necessary for satellite orbit determination and its prediction. The numerical integration algorithm can be divided into single-step and multi-step method. There are lots of single-step and multi-step methods. However, the Runge-Kutta method in single-step and the Adams method in multi-step are generally used in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) satellite orbit. In this study, 4th and 8th order Runge-Kutta methods and various order of Adams-Bashforth-Moulton methods were used for GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS) orbit integration using its broadcast ephemeris and these methods were compared with international GNSS service (IGS) final products for 7days. As a result, the RMSE of Runge-Kutta methods were 3.13m and 4th and 8th order Runge-Kutta results were very close and also 3rd to 9th order Adams-Bashforth-Moulton results. About result of computation time, this study showed that 4th order Runge-Kutta was the fastest. However, in case of 8th order Runge-Kutta, it was faster than 14th order Adams-Bashforth-Moulton but slower than 13th order Adams-Bashforth-Moulton in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.5-19
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• 1999

This paper identifies five factors that limited urban network formation in Northeast Asia over the past half millennium, questions the extent to which they are being overcome in the 1990s, and sketches a network of cities that could boost regionalism. It briefly traces the historical evolution of these factors, including comparisons with European integration, while focusing primarily on the policies of the 1990s that have affected their continuing role. First is the factor of closed national markets with weak regional integration. Second is the preeminence of administrative means of integration over commercial ones. Third is the character of localism, shackled by overcentralization and weak cross-border linkages. Fourth is the limited nature of internationalism, dominated by state catch-up policies with one-sided global involvement. Fifth is a lack of regional consciousness. Just as national urban integration was essential for regional networks to form, without regional integration it is difficult to contemplate Northeast Asian cities taking their rightful place in a global urban network. After noting the failures of the 1990s, the paper points to the potential role as dragon's heads for sub-regional urban networks of potential front-line cities: Tumen, Sapporo, Irkutsk, and what I call the Amur triangle. Also of interest are how the capitals of Beijing, Moscow, Seoul, and Tokyo will adjust to a transformed urban network. After all, their current skepticism must be overcome with a program that links the benefits on all sides in order to build trust in regionalism. This requires internationalism and symbols of a balanced approach to each country's needs.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.139-150
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• 1997

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.181-200
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• 2022

After the COVID-19 pandemic, a global economic downturn and a recession in the shipping market are expected, it is important for domestic shipping companies to establish appropriate strategy in response to the recession. Accordingly, domestic shipping companies should grow into integrated logistics companies that combine shipping and logistics in the future. And for this purpose, it is necessary to actively promote logistics integration with external shipping and logistics companies. This paper presents the direction of logistics integration for domestic shipping companies to develop as integrated logistics operators with competitiveness in the global shipping market, and presents detailed alternatives. Domestic shipping companies lack the infrastructure such as ships, port terminals, and warehouses, so they have a weak capacity to independently promote logistics integration. At the shipping company level, a logistics integration promotion strategy should be established, and accordingly, logistics infrastructure, service network, and logistics integration operating system should be established. The government should provide tax benefits for logistics integration, financial support for M&As led by domestic shipping companies, a standardized information sharing system, and preparation of educational courses for nurturing digital manpower.