• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.239-253
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• 2021

The behavior of concrete containing waste glass as a replacement of cement or aggregate was studied previously in the most of researches, but the present investigation focuses on the recycling of waste glass powder as a substitute for silica fume in high strength concrete (HSC). This endeavor deals with the efficiency of using waste glass powder, as an alternative for silica fume, in the flexural capacity of HSC beam. Thirteen members with dimensions of 0.3 m width, 0.15 m depth and 0.9 m span length were utilized in this work. A comparison study was performed considering HSC members and hybrid beams fabricated by HSC and conventional normal concrete (CC). In addition to the experiments on the influence of glass powder on flexural behavior, numerical analysis was implemented using nonlinear finite element approach to simulate the structural performance of the beams. Same constitutive relationships were selected to model the behavior of HSC with waste glass powder or silica fume to show the matching between the modeling outputs for beams made with these powders. The results showed that the loading capacity and ductility index of the HSC beams with waste glass powder demonstrated enhancing ultimate load and ductility compared with those of HSC specimens with silica fume. The study deduced that the recycled waste glass powder is a good alternative to the pozzolanic powder of silica fume.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.495-511
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• 2003

New material applications and transparency are desired by contemporary architects. Its superb transparency and high strength make glass a very suitable building material -in spite of its brittleness- even for primary load bearing structures. Currently we will focus on load bearing glass beams, subjected to different loading types. Since glass beams have a very slender, rectangular cross section, they are sensitive to lateral torsional buckling. Glass beams fail under a critical buckling load at stresses that lie far below the theoretical simple bending strength, due to the complex combination of torsion and out-of-plane bending, which characterises the instability phenomenon. The critical load can be increased considerably by preventing the upper rim from moving out of the beam's plane. Different boundary conditions are examined for different loading types. The load carrying capacity of glass beams can be increased three times and more using relatively simple, cheap lateral restraints.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 2017

This paper summarizes the experimental study of the shear behaviour of Hybrid Fibre Reinforced Concrete (HFRC) beams retrofitted by using externally bonded Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) laminates. To attain the set-out objectives of the present investigation, steel fibre of 1% and polypropylene fibre of 0.30% was used for hybrid steel-polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete: whereas for hybrid glass-polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete, glass fibre by 0.03% and polypropylene fibre of 0.03% by volume of concrete was used. In this study, 9 numbers of beams were cast and tested into three groups (Group I, II & III). Each group containing 3 numbers of beams, out of which one serve as a control beam or a hybrid steel-polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete beam or a hybrid glass - polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete beam and the remaining two beams were preloaded until shear cracks appeared up to 75% of ultimate load and then preloaded beams (damaged beams) were retrofitted with GFRP laminates at shear zone in the form of strips, as one beam in vertical position and another beam in inclined position to restrict the shear cracks. Finally, the retrofitted beams were loaded until failure and test results were compared. The experimental tests have been conducted to investigate various parameters of structural performance, such as load carrying capacity, crack pattern and failure modes, load-deflection responses and ductility relations. The test results revealed that beams retrofitted using GFRP laminates considerably increased the load carrying capacity. In addition, it was found that beams retrofitted with inclined strip offers superior performance than vertical one. Comparing the test results, it was observed that hybrid steel-polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete beam retrofitted with GFRP laminates showed enhanced behaviour as compared to other tested beams.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.149-166
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• 2012

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the performance of 2.5 m long reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams strengthened in shear using epoxy bonded glass fibre fabric. Eighteen (18) full scale, simply supported RC T-beams are tested. Nine beams are used as control beam specimens with three different stirrups spacing without glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheet and rest nine beams are strengthened in shear with one, two, and three layers of GFRP sheet in the form of U-jacket around the web of T-beams for each type of stirrup spacing. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness, the cracking pattern and modes of failure of the GFRP strengthened RC T-beams. The test result indicates that for RC T-beams strengthened in shear with U-jacketed GFRP sheets, increase the load carrying capacity by 10-46%.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.274-280
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• 2008

To investigate the flexural behavior of real size RC beams strengthened with glass fiber sheets, 9 strengthened beams of real size are experimented and the results are compared with those of existing experimental studies. Experiments are considered glass fiber sheets, the number of fiber sheets, and the existence of U-wrap. By the results of experiments, the failure behavior and crack types of real size RC beams are almost equal to those of the small size RC beams, and the debonding and not the concrete cover delamination are occurred. It can be found from the load-deflection curves that as the number of fiber sheets is increased, the ductility of real size RC beam is more decreased than that of the small size RC beam. For the strengthening method with glass fiber sheets of the real size RC beams, it can be confirmed that the finding a solution to the bonding problem is required

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 2007

Ten beams bonded with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminates were tested under cyclic loading with the load range and the FRP reinforcement ratio as test parameters. The maximum load level during cyclic loading was 55%, 65% and 75% of the static flexural strength while the minimum load level was kept constant at 35%. Deflections of the beams at the end of 525000 cycles were found to increase by 16% and 44% when the maximum load level was increased from 55% to 65% and 75% of the static flexural strength, respectively. Beams with FRP reinforcement ratios of 0.64% and 1.28% were found to exhibit lesser deflections of about 15% and 20%, respectively, compared to a similar beam without FRP reinforcement. An analytical approach based on cycle-dependent effective moduli of elasticity of concrete and FRP reinforcement is presented and found to predict the deflections of the test beams well.

• Advances in Computational Design
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.173-188
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• 2022

In modern buildings, glass is considered a structurally unsafe material due to its brittleness and unpredictable failure behavior. The possible use of structural glass elements (i.e., floors, beams and columns) is generally prevented by its poor tensile strength and a frequent occurrence of brittle failures. In this study an innovative modelling based on an equivalent thickness concept of laminated glass beam reinforced with FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) composite material and of glass plates punched is presented. In particular, the novel numerical modelling applied to an embedding Carbon FRP-rod in the interlayer of a laminated structural glass beam is considered in order to increase both its failure strength, together with its post-failure strength and ductility. The proposed equivalent modelling of different specimens enables us to carefully evaluate the effects of this reinforcement. Both the responses of the reinforced beam and un-reinforced one are evaluated, and the corresponding results are compared and discussed. A novel equivalent modelling for reinforced glass beams using FRP composites is presented for FEM analyses in modern material components and proved estimations of the expected performance are provided. Moreover, the new suggested numerical analysis is also applied to laminated glass plates with wide holes at both ends for the technological reasons necessary to connect a glass beam to a structure. Obtained results are compared with an integer specimen. Experimental considerations are reported.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.781-794
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• 2016

Due to its relatively good safety performance and aesthetic benefits, laminated glass (LG) is increasingly being used as load-carrying members in modern buildings. This paper presents an experimental study into one applicational scenario of structural LG subjected to in-plane bending. The aim of the study is to reveal the in-plane behaviors of the LG beams made up of multi-layered glass sheets. The LG specimens respectively consisted of two, three and four plies of glass, bonded together by two prominent adhesives. A total of 26 tests were carried out. From these tests, the structural behaviors in terms of flexural stiffness, load resistance and post-breakage strength were studied in detail, whilst considering the influence of interlayer type, cross-sectional interlayer percentage and presence of shear forces. Based on the test results, analytical suggestions were made, failure modes were identified, corresponding failure mechanisms were discussed, and a rational engineering model was proposed to predict the post-breakage strength of the LG beams. The results obtained are expected to provide useful information for academic and engineering professionals in the analysis and design of LG beams bending in-plane.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1997.04a
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• pp.565-570
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• 1997

This study is on the strength capacity and the strengthening effects of crarbon fiber sheets(CFS) and glass fiber sheets (GFS) on steel reinforced concrete(SRC) beams. SRC beams are often used on high-rise building construction to save story height and construction cost. However, there are no strengthening design code in Korea and most engineers design it as steel beams ignored the composite effect if reinforced concrete. Test results on steel reinforced concrete beams reveal thar the strength capacity of SRC beam is more than simple addition of steel and reinforced concrete beams. In case of steel reinforced concrete beams, ultimate moment capacity of strengthening beam of carbon fiber sheets is 120% of non-strengthening one.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.63 no.5
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• pp.629-637
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• 2017

Continuous concrete beams are commonly used as structural members in the reinforced concrete constructions. The use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars provide attractive solutions for these structures particularly for gaining corrosion resistance. This paper presents experimental results of eight two-span continuous concrete beams; two of them reinforced with pure glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars and six of them reinforced with combinations of GFRP and steel bars. The continuous beams were tested under monotonically applied loading condition. The experimental load-deflection behavior and failure mode of the continuous beams were examined. In addition, the continuous beams were analyzed with a numerical method to predict the load-deflection curves and to compare them with the experimental results. Results show that there is a good agreement between the experimental and the theoretical load-deflection curves of continuous beams reinforced with pure GFRP bars and combinations of GFRP and steel bars.