• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.260-264
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• 1993

In order to determine the stability of ginseng components in this salt concentration when used to ginseng as additive ingredient of sauces or seasonings, we study on the content and charactristic of ginsenosides and changes in pH and color, ginseng tail and ginseng extract were treated with various concentration of NaCl solution. In this experiment, extract of ginseng tail were increased in pH as NaCl concentration were increased, but ginseng extract have not changed evidently. The both solution were decreased in color as the salt concentration were increased. Yield of n-butanol extract was decreased in 5% NaCl concentration, while it was increased in the above concentration, and ginseng extract was changed higher than ginseng tail. Ginsenosides content were increased in 5% NaCl concentration, both $ginsenosied-Rb_1$, $-Rb_2$, -Rc, -Rd of diol line and ginsenoside-Re of triol line and increased in above NaCl concentration. Especially ginsenoside-Re showed to sensitive response to the changes of the salt concentration.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.431-439
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• 2014

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether ginsenoside-Rb2 (Rb2) can affect the secretion of catecholamines (CA) in the perfused model of the rat adrenal medulla. Rb2 ($3{\sim}30{\mu}M$), perfused into an adrenal vein for 90 min, inhibited ACh (5.32 mM)-evoked CA secretory response in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Rb2 ($10{\mu}M$) also time-dependently inhibited the CA secretion evoked by DMPP ($100{\mu}M$, a selective neuronal nicotinic receptor agonist) and high $K^+$ (56 mM, a direct membrane depolarizer). Rb2 itself did not affect basal CA secretion (data not shown). Also, in the presence of Rb2 ($50{\mu}g/mL$), the secretory responses of CA evoked by veratridine (a selective $Na^+$ channel activator ($50{\mu}M$), Bay-K-8644 (an L-type dihydropyridine $Ca^{2+}$ channel activator, $10{\mu}M$), and cyclopiazonic acid (a cytoplasmic $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase inhibitor, $10{\mu}M$) were significantly reduced, respectively. Interestingly, in the simultaneous presence of Rb2 ($10{\mu}M$) and L-NAME (an inhibitor of NO synthase, $30{\mu}M$), the inhibitory responses of Rb2 on ACh-evoked CA secretory response was considerably recovered to the extent of the corresponding control secretion compared with the inhibitory effect of Rb2-treatment alone. Practically, the level of NO released from adrenal medulla after the treatment of Rb2 ($10{\mu}M$) was greatly elevated compared to the corresponding basal released level. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Rb2 inhibits the CA secretory responses evoked by nicotinic stimulation as well as by direct membrane-depolarization from the isolated perfused rat adrenal medulla. It seems that this inhibitory effect of Rb2 is mediated by inhibiting both the influx of $Ca^{2+}$ and $Na^+$ into the adrenomedullary chromaffin cells and also by suppressing the release of $Ca^{2+}$ from the cytoplasmic calcium store, at least partly through the increased NO production due to the activation of nitric oxide synthase, which is relevant to neuronal nicotinic receptor blockade.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.118-122
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• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate the effective components, especially saponins, in aerial parts of Panax ginseng. The contents of methanol and ethanol extracts in ginseng leaf were 35.9% and 27.3%, much higher than 15.4% and 8.37% in ginseng root and 21.7% and 16.3% in ginseng stem. And ginseng stem showed as high content of crude fiber as 39.2% which is very high compared with other two parts of ginseng. The contents of total crude saponin were 4.78%, 2.38% and 19.58% in ginseng root, stem and leaf, respectively. In ginseng leaf seven root ginseno-sides-ginsenoside-Rgl(3.32%), -Re(3.24%), -Rd(2.32 %), -Rc(0.65%), -Rb2(0.92%), -Rbl(0.29%), and -Rf(0.11%)-were analyzed by HPLC, Seven gisneno- sides-ginsenoside-Rgl(0.28%), -Re(0.3%), -Rd(0.05%), -Rf(0.01%), -Rc(trace), -Rb2(trace) and -Rbl(trace)-were detected in ginseng stem. Ginseng leaf contained high percentage of saponin and especially of ginsenoside-Rgl, -Re and -Rd. Therefore, ginseng leaf was good resources for ginsenoside-Rgl, -Re and -Rd.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2004

When ginseng water extract was incubated at $60^{\circ}C$ in acidic conditions, its protopanaxadiol ginsenosides were transformed to ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and ${\Delta}^{20}$-ginsenoside $Rg_3$. However, protopanaxadiol glycoside ginsenosides $Rb_1, Rb_2$ and Rc isolated from ginseng were mostly not transformed to ginsenoside $Rg_3$ by the incubation in neutral condition. The transformation of these ginsenosides to ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and ${\Delta}^{20}$-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was increased by increasing incubation temperature and time in acidic condition: the optimal incubation time and temperature for this transformation was 5 h and $60^{\circ}C$ resepectively. The transformed ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and ${\Delta}^{20}$-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ were metabolized to ginsenoside $Rh_2$ and $\Delta^{20}$--ginsenoside $Rh_2$, respectively, by human fecal microflora. Among the bacteria isolated from human fecal microflora, Bacteroides sp., and Bifidobacterium sp. and Fusobacterium sp. potently transformed ginsenoside $Rg_3$ to ginsenoside $Rh_2$. Acid-treated ginseng (AG) extract, fermented AG extract, ginsenoside $Rh_2$ and protopanaxadiol showed potent cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines. AG extract, fermented AG extract and protopanaxadiol potently inhibited the growth of Helicobacter pylori.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.39-53
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• 2022

Ginsenoside Rb₁ (Rb₁), one of the most important ingredients in Panax ginseng Meyer, has been confirmed to have favorable activities, including reducing antioxidative stress, inhibiting inflammation, regulating cell autophagy and apoptosis, affecting sugar and lipid metabolism, and regulating various cytokines. This study reviewed the recent progress on the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of Rb₁ against cardiovascular and nervous system diseases, diabetes, and their complications, especially those related to neurodegenerative diseases, myocardial ischemia, hypoxia injury, and traumatic brain injury. This review retrieved articles from PubMed and Web of Science that were published from 2015 to 2020. The molecular targets or pathways of the effects of Rb₁ on these diseases are referring to HMGB1, GLUT4, 11β-HSD1, ERK, Akt, Notch, NF-κB, MAPK, PPAR-γ, TGF-β1/Smad pathway, PI3K/mTOR pathway, Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, Nrf2/ARE pathway, and MAPK/NF-κB pathway. The potential effects of Rb₁ and its possible mechanisms against diseases were further predicted via Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and disease ontology semantic and enrichment (DOSE) analyses with the reported targets. This study provides insights into the therapeutic effects of Rb₁ and its mechanisms against diseases, which is expected to help in promoting the drug development of Rb₁ and its clinical applications.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.49-54
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• 2015

In the present study we evaluated comparative herb-drug interaction potential of red ginseng total powder, ginsenoside Rg1, and Rb1 by inhibition of CYP isoforms including CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 using pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs). As measured by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, red ginseng total powder inhibited significantly activities of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and testosterone 6-beta hydroxylation by CYP3A4, but the $IC_{50}$ values were higher than $556{\mu}g/ml$. Activities of CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 were inhibited by ginsenoside Rb1. Also, activities of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and testosterone 6-beta hydroxylation by CYP3A4 were inhibited by ginsenoside Rg1. The $IC_{50}$ values of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 were higher than $200{\mu}g/ml$. Based on $IC_{50}$ values against CYP isoforms, ginsenosides-drug interactions by CYP inhibition may be very low in clinical situations.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.101-107
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• 1986

Relationships among ginsenosides, panaxadiol(PD), panaxatriol(PT), and total saponin(TS) in Panax ginseng root (2nd Year) grown with culture solotion different in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium level were analyzed by simple correlation, multiple regression and standard partial regression coefficient. The closeness between ginsenosides by simple correlation was closely related with the similarity of molecular structure. The content of PT was much attributed to Re and Rg1. The contribution order of ginsenosides for PD was Rb1>Rb2$\geq$Rd>Rc. There was significant positive correlation between PT and PD but PD increased more rapidly than PT. Thus total saponin depended much on PD and PT/PD decreased with the increase of total saponin content. All ginsenosides, especially Re showed decreasing tendency with the increase of root weight.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 2003

Panax ginseng leaf tea was developed for the functional benefit of health, preference and convenience. The leaves of 4-year-old ginseng were selected in July and August. The ginseng leaf was treated by three methods : heat processed tea(HPT), aged tea(AGT) and hot-air dried tea(DRT). The contents and compositions of their crude saponin of ginseng leaves were measured. 1. The content of crude saponin of HPT was the higher than other treatments. The content of HPT was 18.72∼18.82％, ACT 18.24∼18.29％ and DRT 17.02∼17.17％. 2. The harvest time and treatment methods were not affect the composition of ginsenoside in ginseng leaf tea. The ginsenoside-Re was shown the highest value as 1.97∼2.15. And ginsenoside-Rd was 1.48∼1.79, -Rg$_1$ 1.33∼1.58 and -Rb, -Rb$_2$, -Rc in the order. 3. The content of protopanaxadiol(PD) and protopanaxatriol(PT) was shown that DRT was 1.11∼1.13, HPT 1.09～l.12 and AGT 0.92∼1.02. The content of PD and PT were shown similar result at any harvest time. 4. The contents of crude saponin extracted by hot-water at 5 min was the higher ratios in HPT and harvested in July than other treatments. The content of crude saponin of ginseng leaf harvested in July was 15.88% and HPT was 16.88%. The order of contents of ginsenoside were -Re, -Rd, -Rg$_1$, -Rb$_1$, -Rb$_2$, and - Rc. The extraction ratio of crude saponin extracted by the circulated extraction method in 8 hours and 5 min extraction were 81.74∼84.38％. And HPT of ginseng leaf harvested in July was the highest value 84.3％ but the extraction ratio of ginsenoside was 78.00～88.13%. But the extraction ratio of ginsenoside was similar trend in all treatments.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.77-81
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• 2009

This study examined the effects of black ginseng (9 times-steamed ginseng) on hypoglycemic action in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats as well as changes in ginsenoside composition by the steaming process. As the number of steaming cycles increased, the amounts of crude saponin and most ginsenoside contents decreased, while the amount of ginsenoside- Rg3 and the ratio of PD/PT (=[$Rb_1+Rb_2+Rc+Rd+Rg_3]/[Re+Rb_1+Rh_1]$) increased. This ginsenoside composition is a unique characteristic compared to other types of ginseng products. In order to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of the black ginseng extract, in vivo studies were performed in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The studies showed that the administration of the black ginseng extract decreased high blood glucose levels (more than 300 mg/dL) to a normal level (102 mg/dL). These results suggest that this black ginseng extract has a significant hypoglycemic effect and can be used as an anti-diabetic substance for dietary supplements or new drugs.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.629-636
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• 2012

Ginsenosides, ginseng saponin, are the principal components responsible for the pharmacological and biological activities of ginseng. In order to improve absorption and biological activities, the biotransformation of major ginsenoside to minor ginsenoside, as the more active compound, is required. In this study, we isolated Lactobacillus brevis THK-D57, which has high ${\beta}$-glycosidase activity, from Kimchi. The major ginsenoside Rb1 was converted to the minor ginsenoside 'compound K' during the fermentation of L. brevis THK-D57. The results propose that the biotransformation pathway to produce compound K is as follows: ginsenoside $Rb_1{\rightarrow}ginsenoside$ $Rd{\rightarrow}ginsenoside$ $F_2{\rightarrow}ginsenoside$ compound K.