• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.363-368
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• 2010

Allergies are immediate hypersensitive responses to antigens and interleukin (IL)-4 is involved in the initiation and development of allergic responses. $Rb_1$ has been known to have a variety of biological activities including anti-inflammatory activity, but the effect of $Rb_1$ on allergic responses is not known yet. The present study was undertaken to examine whether $Rb_1$ has an inhibitory effect on allergic response in mouse model. In allergic mouse model, our results showed that topical application of $Rb_1$ on atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions improved skin condition and inhibited starching behaviors. In addition, $Rb_1$ application not only suppressed mRNA expression of IL-4 and IL-10, but also prevented the nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 transcription. Moreover, $Rb_1$ application suppressed IL-4's secretion. Taken together, these results suggest that $Rb_1$ has a potent inhibitory effect in AD-related T cell cytokine production and may be a candidate for therapeutic agent in allergy.

• BMB Reports
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.194-199
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• 2009

The effects of the ginsenoside Rb2 (Rb2) on lipid metabolism were characterized in 3T3-L1 adipocytes to evaluate their utility for treating obesity. While the amounts of total cholesterol and triacylglycerol (TAG) were markedly increased in the adipocytes treated with high amounts of cholesterol and fetal bovine serum (FBS), the test groups treated with Rb2 showed levels that were close to normal. The effect of Rb2 on these cells was comparable to that of lovastatin. Rb2 enhanced the expression of the sterol regulated element binding protein (SREBP) mRNA whereas treatment with cholesterol and FBS led to a reduction in the abundance of this transcript. The activity of fatty acid synthetase (FAS) was lower in the cholesterol group compared to the Rb2 treatment group suggesting that the observed decrease in cholesterol levels and activated SREBP was mediated by Rb2. Treatment with Rb2 also resulted in a decrease in TAG levels in adipocytes cultured under high fatty acid conditions. This effect was mediated by stimulating the expression of SREBP and Leptin mRNA, suggesting that Rb2 might be a valuable component capable of lowering the levels of lipids.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.187-193
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• 2014

Background: White ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is commonly distributed as a health food in food markets. However, there is no practical method for distinguishing Korean white ginseng (KWG) from Chinese white ginseng (CWG), except for relying on the traceability system in the market. Methods: Ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) was employed to discriminate between KWG and CWG. Results: The origins of white ginsengs in two test sets ($1.0{\mu}L$ and $0.2{\mu}L$ injections) could be successfully discriminated by the OPLS-DA analysis. From OPLS-DA S-plots, KWG exhibited tentative markers derived from ginsenoside Rf and notoginsenoside R3 isomer, whereas CWG exhibited tentative markers derived from ginsenoside Ro and chikusetsusaponin Iva. Conclusion: Results suggest that ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry coupled with OPLS-DA is an efficient tool for identifying the difference between the geographical origins of white ginsengs.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.254-259
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• 1995

The content and composition of saponin compounds of Panax species were analyzed according to their species, region and processing type of red and white ginseng. The species employed were Korean-, Chinese-, Japanese red ginsengs, and Korean white ginseng of Panax ginseng, American- and Canadian ginsengs of Panax quinquefolium, and Panax notoinseng. Twelve main saponin components in the ginseng were identified and quantified using TLC and HPLC. All three species had remarkably different content and composition. However, within each species they were similar. Twelve major ginsenosides were determined in P. ginseng, eight in p. quinquefolium, and six in P. notoginseng. Of the components of P ginseng Rf, $Rh_1$, $Rh_2$ and Ra were not detected in P quinquefolium, and $Rb_2$, Rc, Rf, $Rh_2$, Ra and Ro not detected in P. notoinseam. Crude saponin content and protopanaxadiol/protopanaxatriol saponin ratio were compared. They were 4.81~5.24% and 1.27~ 1.45 in p. ginsengs, 7.01~7.25% and 2.12~ 2.15 in p. quinquefolium, 9.80% and 0.99 in P. notoineng. The prosapogenin and sapogenin content were different among the Panax species.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.367-370
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• 1985

인삼농축액이 미생물에 의하여 품질이 저하되는 것을 방지하기 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 부패된 홍삼농축액으로부터 효모를 분리 동정하였고 홍삼농축액의 일반성분 및 사포닌의 조성을 조사하였다. 분리, 선발된 홍삼농축액의 부패성 효모는 형태학적, 배양학적 및 생리학적 특성을 검토한 결과 candida parapsilosis로 동정되었다. 홍삼농축액의 일반성분은 회분 3.85, 조지방 1.48, 조단백 15.3. 환원당 12.4, 전당 45.6% 및 기타성분으로 구성되어 있었다. 조사포닌 함량은 18.24%이었으며 각 ginsenoside의 구성은 Rb$_1$, Rg$_1$, Rc, Rb$_2$, Rf, Ra, Ro순이었으며 panaxadiol계 및 panaxatriol 계 saponin의 구성비는 1.56이었다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.111-121
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• 2015

The root of Panax ginseng, is a Korea traditional medicine, which is used in both raw and processed forms due to their different pharmacological activities. As part of a continued chemical investigation of ginseng, the focus of this research is on the isolation and identification of compounds from Panax ginseng root by open column chromatography, medium pressure liquid chromatography, semi-preparative-high performance liquid chromatography, Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins were isolated from Panax ginseng root by open column chromatography, medium pressure liquid chromatography, and semi-preparative-high performance liquid chromatography. Their structures were identified as protopanaxadiol ginsenosides [gypenoside-V (1), ginsenosides-Rb1 (2), -Rb2 (3), -Rb3 (4), -Rc (5), and -Rd (6)], protopanaxatriol ginsenosides [20(S)-notoginsenoside-R2 (7), notoginsenoside-Rt (8), 20(S)-O-glucoginsenoside-Rf (9), 6-O-[$\alpha$-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1$\rightarrow$2-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-$3\beta$,$12\beta$, 20(S)-dihydroxy-dammar-25-en-24-one (10), majoroside-F6 (11), pseudoginsenoside-Rt3 (12), ginsenosides-Re (13), -Re5 (14), -Rf (15), -Rg1 (16), -Rg2 (17), and -Rh1 (18), and vinaginsenoside-R15 (19)], and oleanene ginsenosides [calenduloside-B (20) and ginsenoside-Ro (21)] through the interpretation of spectroscopic analysis. The configuration of the sugar linkages in each saponin was established on the basic of chemical and spectroscopic data. Among them, compounds 1, 8, 10, 11, 12, 19, and 20 were isolated for the first time from P. ginseng root.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.706-713
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• 2023

Background and objective: The ability to inhibit aggregation has been demonstrated with synthetically derived ginsenoside compounds G-Rp (1, 3, and 4) and ginsenosides naturally found in Panax ginseng 20(S)-Rg3, Rg6, F4, and Ro. Among these compounds, Rk3 (G-Rk3) from Panax ginseng needs to be further explored in order to reveal the mechanisms of action during inhibition. Methodology: Our study focused to investigate the action of G-Rk3 on agonist-stimulated human platelet aggregation, inhibition of platelet signaling molecules such as fibrinogen binding with integrin α_IIbβ₃ using flow cytometry, intracellular calcium mobilization, dense granule secretion, and thromboxane B₂ secretion. In addition, we checked the regulation of phosphorylation on PI3K/MAPK pathway, and thrombin-induced clot retraction was also observed in platelets rich plasma. Key Results: G-Rk3 significantly increased amounts of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and led to significant phosphorylation of cAMP-dependent kinase substrates vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP₃R). In the presence of G-Rk3, dense tubular system Ca²⁺ was inhibited, and platelet activity was lowered by inactivating the integrin αIIb/β₃ and reducing the binding of fibrinogen. Furthermore, the effect of G-Rk3 extended to the inhibition of MAPK and PI3K/Akt phosphorylation resulting in the reduced secretion of intracellular granules and reduced production of TXA₂. Lastly, G-Rk3 inhibited platelet aggregation and thrombus formation via fibrin clot. Conclusions and implications: These results suggest that when dealing with cardiovascular diseases brought upon by faulty aggregation among platelets or through the formation of a thrombus, the G-Rk3 compound can play a role as an effective prophylactic or therapeutic agent.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.102-107
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• 1997

홍삼사포닌분획의 항불안작용의 양상을 검색하고자 사포닌분획을 사용하여 실험 동물에서 항불안작용을 검색하고 이들의 작용을 benzodiazepine의 대표적 약물인 diazepam의 효과와 비교하여 보았다. 실험동물에서 항불안효과의 검정을 위하여 생쥐에게 각각 상이 한 단일성분 함량을 지닌 여러분획들을 투여 후 elevated plus maze법을 사용하여 항불안효과를 비교, 관찰하였다. 실험결과 홍삼 ginsenoside Rg1, Rf 및 Re 등의 함량이 보다 높은 TSI 분획에서 항불안 효과를 관찰하였다. 중추신경계에 작용하여 진정효과를 나타내는 약물 중 특히 항불안제의 작용에 관여하는 신경전달물질 수용체로 현재까지 가장 주목을 받고 있는 것은 GABA A-benzodiazepine 수용체-chloride통로 복합체에 있는 benzodiazepine 수용체이다. 본 실험결과 관찰한 홍삼 사포닌의 항불안작용의 기전 규명을 위한 접근방법으로 홍삼 사포닌의 benzodiazepine 수용체에 대한 수용체 결합력을 관찰하고자, 흰쥐의 대뇌 피질을 검체로 하여 benzodiazepine 수용체에 대한 [$^3H$] Ro15-1788 결합 실험을 실시하였다. 홍삼 사포닌 분획들은 benzodiazpine 수용체에 결합하는 반응성을 보였으며, ginsenoside Rb, Re 및 Rd등의 함량이 높은 TSIV 분획이 가장 높은 결합력을 나타내었는데, 이 분획에서는 항불안 작용을 관찰할 수 없었다. 이상의 결과에서 볼 때 홍삼사포닌은 항불안작용을 나타내었으며, 이 항불안작용과 benzodiazepine 수용체에 대한 결합력과의 연관성은 관찰되지 않았다.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 2002년도 학술대회지
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• pp.376-384
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• 2002

Object To find out which of the 27 ginsenosides isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Mey that may inhibit the proliferation of human osteosaocoma cell line $U_2OS$. Methods Effects of each individual ginsenoside on the proliferation of $U_2OS$ cell were studied by determining the viability of cancer cells during culture with or without the presence of the test compound. DNA assay was determined by flow cytometry. Results Ginsonosides -Ro, $-Rh_l,\;-Rh_2,\;-F_1\;and\;-L_8$ at concentrations of 5 ,umol/L could obviously suppress the proliferation of $U_2OS$ cells while ginsenosides $-Rg_1,\;-F_3,$ -Rf, PPT and PT significantly inhibited the cancer cells. Flow cytometry revealed that ginsenosides $-Ro,-Rg_1-Rf,-F_1-Rh_2,PPT$ and PT induced cell cycle arrest at $G_0/G_1$ phase with obvious decrease of cell count at Sand $G_2+M$ phase, Moreover, ginsenosides $-Rf_1,-Rg_1,\;-F_1$ and PPT induced significantly high rates of cell death as compared with the control. Conclusion These data suggested that ginsenosides inhibited $U_2OS$ proliferation Via cell cycle arrest or induction of cell death.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.315-319
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• 2022