• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.943-951
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• 2022

In this study, 8 kinds of fruits and vegetables such as apples, pears and radishes were cut and hot water extracts and Steamed hot water extract from fruits and vegetables were prepared and used as experimental substrates. As a result of fermenting with 1% (W/V) red ginseng extract (W/V) and 8 types of lactic acid bacteria mixed starter added to the lactic acid bacteria fermented extract, the pattern and content of ginsenosides were almost unchanged in the fruit and vegetable extract group and the steam treatment group. However, in the lactic acid bacteria fermented group, the TLC pattern was changed according to the fermentation process and treatment, and the content of ginsenosides converted into Rg₃(S) and Rg₅ increased. No change in the number of lactic acid bacteria (cfu) was observed in all four types of fruit and vegetable extracts. The number of lactic acid bacteria CFU was slightly decreased in the four fermented groups of fruit and vegetable extracts, but the growth inhibitory effect of beneficial bacteria was not significant. The growth inhibitory effect of the three harmful bacteria was not affected by the growth of E. coli and Pseudomonas in the four fruit and vegetable extracts. However, the proliferation of Salmonella was inhibited, which was confirmed as the growth inhibitory effect of the fruit and vegetable extract regardless of whether the steamed hot water extract or red ginseng extract was added.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.173-179
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• 2014

Background: Ginsenosides are the major components responsible for the biochemical and pharmacological actions of ginseng, and have been shown to have various biological activities. In this study, we investigated the antiviral activities of seven ginsenosides [protopanaxatriol (PT) type: Re, Rf, and Rg2; protopanaxadiol (PD) type: Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd)] against coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), enterovirus 71 (EV71), and human rhinovirus 3 (HRV3). Methods: Assays of antiviral activity and cytotoxicity were evaluated by the sulforhodamine B method using the cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay. Results: The antiviral assays demonstrated that, of the seven ginsenosides, the PT-type ginsenosides (Re, Rf, and Rg2) possess significant antiviral activities against CVB3 and HRV3 at a concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$. Among the PT-type ginsenosides, only ginsenoside Rg2 showed significant anti-EV71 activity with no cytotoxicity to cells at $100{\mu}g/mL$. The PD-type ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd), by contrast, did not show any significant antiviral activity against CVB3, EV71, and HRV3, and exhibited cytotoxic effects to virus-infected cells. Notably, the antiviral efficacies of PT-type ginsenosides were comparable to those of ribavirin, a commonly used antiviral drug. Conclusion: Collectively, our findings suggest that the ginsenosides Re, Rf, and Rg2 have the potential to be effective in the treatment of CVB3, EV71, and HRV3 infection.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.3325-3329
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• 2010

This study evaluated anti-wrinkle effect using toner and lotion containing ginsenoside Rg3 enriched black ginseng in oriental medicine like Liriope platy phyllla, Inonotus obliquus, Glycyrrhiza glabra and nourishing of the blood and energy(Atractylodes japonica, Poria cocos Wolf, Angelica gigas, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, Cnidii Rhizoma, Paeonia lactiflora). 6 female adults on average at the age of 42.5 applied lotion after toner under the normal conditions of use on the face including crow's feed area, twice a day (in the morning and evening) for 4weeks. After 4 weeks, the replica of eye wrinkle was made and analyzed the image. The result was decreased in R1($3.15{\pm}0.35$ to $2.28{\pm}0.22$), R2($2.99{\pm}0.37$ to $2.13{\pm}0.21$), R3($2.09{\pm}0.31$ to $1.56{\pm}0.18$), R4($0.37{\pm}0.05$ to $0.29{\pm}0.03$), and R5($0.89{\pm}0.1$ to $0.75{\pm}0.06$)(P<0.05). Therefore, oriental medicine cosmetics containing black ginseng may play a role anti-wrinkle.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.211-217
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• 2011

Panax ginseng CA Meyer, a herb from the Araliaceae, has traditionally been used as a medicinal plant in Asian countries. Ginseng extract fermented by ginsenoside-${\beta}$-glucosidase treatment is enriched in ginsenosides such as Rh2 and Rg3. Here we show that a fermented ginseng extract, BST204, has anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects on HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Treatment of HT-29 cells with BST204 induced cell cycle arrest at $G_1$ phase without progression to apoptosis. This cell cycle arrest was accompanied by up-regulation of tumor suppressor proteins, p53 and p21$^{WAF1/Cip1}$, down-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase/cyclins, Cdk2, cyclin E, and cyclin D1 involved in $G_1$ or $G_1/S$ transition, and decrease in the phosphorylated form of retinoblastoma protein. In addition, BST204 suppressed the migration of HT-29 cells induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, which correlated with the inhibition of metalloproteinase-9 activity and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity. The effects of BST204 on the proliferation and the invasiveness of HT-29 cells were similar to those of Rh2. Taken together, the results suggest that fermentation of ginseng extract with ginsenoside-${\beta}$-glucosidase enhanced the anti-proliferative and the anti-invasive activity against human colon cancer cells and these anti-tumor effects of BST204 might be mediated in part by enriched Rh2.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.291-299
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• 2020

Background: Ginseng (G) and Ligustrum lucidum Ait (LLA) are core traditional Chinese medicines in treating myelosuppression formula. The present study was designed to profile effect of G and LLA herb pair (G-LLA) on myelosuppressed mice. Methods: The mice myelosuppression model was established by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of cyclophosphamide (Cy). Hematopoietic function of bone marrow was measured by hemopoietic progenitor cell culture and peripheral blood count, and serum hemopoietic factors were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bone marrow cell cycle was performed by flow cytometry. HPLC was used to measure 20 potential chemical components related to myelosuppression, including ginsenoside Rg₁, Re, Rb₁, Rc, Rb₂, Rb₃, Rd, Rk₃, Rh₄, 20 (S)-Rg₃, 20 (R)-Rg₃, Rk₁, Rg₅, salidroside, and so on. Results: G, LLA, and G-LLA improved the amount of peripheral blood cells and bone marrow cells of myelosuppressed mice (P < 0.01). They significantly increased the colony quantity of colony-forming unit-granulocyte macrophage, burst-forming unit-erythroid, colony-forming unit-erythroid, and colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte and amount of G₂/M and S phase cells (P < 0.01). They also significantly decreased the amount of hematopoiesis-related cytokines (P < 0.01). The content of chemical components in G-LLA changed, and the change of rare saponin was the most obvious. Conclusion: These results show that G-LLA herb pair might produce synergistic or complementary compatibility effects on bone marrow suppression after chemotherapy. It suggests that the substance basis of G-LLA for treating bone marrow suppression may be effective chemical components.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.138-142
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• 2000

Effects of ginsenosides (Rb$_1$, Rb$_2$, Rc, Re, Rg$_1$, Rf) on L-glutamate (glutamate)-induced swelling of cultured astrocytes from rat brain cerebral cortex were studied. Following the exposure to 0.5mM glutamate for 1 hr, the intracellular water space (as measured by [$^3$H]O-methyl-D-glucose uptake) of astrocytes increased by about two-fold. Simultaneous addition of ginsenosides Rb$_2$ and Rc with glutamate reduced the astrocytic swelling in a dose-dependent manner. These ginsenosides at 0.5 mg/ml did not affect the viability of astrocytes for up to 24 hr which was determined by a colorimetric assay (MTT assay) for cellular growth and survival. These ginsenosides at 0.3 mg/ml inhibited the increase of intracellular Ca$\^$2+/ concentration ([Ca$\^$2+/]$\_$i/) induced by glutamate. These data suggest ginsenosides Rb$_2$ and Rc prevent the cell swelling of astrocytes induced by glutamate, maybe via inhibition of Ca$\^$2+/ influx.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.138.1-138.1
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• 2003

Inflammatory responses from activated microglia are one of major causes of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Particularly, proinflammatory cytokines (PC), such as IL-l$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$, and nitric oxide (NO) are correlated with AD by inducing the chronic inflammation in the brain. In the present study, we found that microglia are activated by lipopolisaccharide (LPS) and Abeta42 (A$\beta$42), and those activated microglia produced such repertoires up to 72h with a turning point at 24h. However, no dose dependecy was found during the chasing time courses (6h to 72h). (omitted)

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.159-174
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• 2007

Pharmacology of Korean Red ginseng gives us unique possibility to develop new class of antiepileptic drugs today and to improve one's biological activity. The chemical structures of ginsenosides (GS) have some principal differences from well-known antiepileptic new generation drugs. The antiepileptic effect of GS was also demonstrated in all models of epilepsy in rats (young and adult), which have studied, in all models of epilepsy including status epilepticus (SE), induced by lithium - pilocarpine. In our experiments in rats new evidences on protective effects were exerted as a result of premedication by GS. Pre-treatment of several GS could induce decrease of the seizures severity and brain structural damage (by MRI), neuronal degeneration in hippocampus. Wave nature of severity of motor seizures during convulsive SE was observed during lithium-pilocarpine model of SE in rats (the first increase of seizures was 30 min after the beginning of SE and the second - 90 min after. The efficacy of treatment on SE by ginsenoside as expected was observed after no less 3 weeks by daily GS i.p. administration. It is blocked SE or significantly decrease the severity of seizures during SE. The implication of presented data is that combination of ginsenosides from Korean Red ginseng and ginseng cell culture Dan25 that could be applied for prevention of epileptical status development. However, a development of optimal ratio of different ginsenosides $(Rb_1$ Rc, Rg, Rf,) should consummate in the new antiepileptic drug development.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.922-927
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• 1996

To analyse components of fresh ginseng and some white ginsengs with different processing conditions, approximate composition, extraction yield, total saponin content and composition and free sugar composition of fresh ginseng, white ginseng, Taeguksam A and Taeguksam B were examined. Yield of hot water extraction was two times higher than that of 80% methanol extraction. Hot water extraction yields of fresh ginseng, white ginseng, Taeguksam A and Taeguksam B were 56.4, 39.9, 42.9 and 46.6%, respectively, while the 80% methanol extraction yields ranged from 15.8% to 21.9%. Total saponin contents of the above were 2.40, 1.73, 1.45 and 1.79%, respectively, with hot water extraction and were 2.15, 2.99, 2.81 and 2.35%, respectively, with 80% methanol extraction. Ginsenoside compositions of the above varied with processing conditions and extraction solvents. Hot water and 80% methanol extracts of fresh and white ginseng composed of fructose, glucose, sucrose and maltose. Rhamnose was detected only in the extract of Taeguksam A and B.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.301-308
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• 2024

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular amyloid plaques composed of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). Studies have indicated that Ca²⁺ dysregulation is involved in AD pathology. It is reported that decreased capacitative Ca²⁺ entry (CCE), a refilling mechanism of intracellular Ca²⁺, resulting in increased Aβ production. In contrast, constitutive activation of CCE could decrease Aβ production. Panax ginseng Meyer is known to enhance memory and cognitive functions in healthy human subjects. We have previously reported that some ginsenosides decrease Aβ levels in cultured primary neurons and AD mouse model brains. However, mechanisms involved in the Aβ-lowering effect of ginsenosides remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the relationship between CCE and Aβ production by examining the effects of various ginsenosides on CCE levels. Aβ-lowering ginsenosides such as Rk1, Rg5, and Rg3 potentiated CCE. In contrast, ginsenosides without Aβ-lowering effects (Re and Rb2) failed to potentiate CCE. The potentiating effect of ginsenosides on CCE was inhibited by the presence of 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2APB), an inhibitor of CCE. 2APB alone increased Aβ42 production. Furthermore, the presence of 2APB prevented the effects of ginsenosides on Aβ42 production. Our results indicate that ginsenosides decrease Aβ production via potentiating CCE levels, confirming a close relationship between CCE levels and Aβ production. Since CCE levels are closely related to Aβ production, modulating CCE could be a novel target for AD therapeutics.