• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.433-442
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 발효홍삼과 발효하지 않은 홍삼을 BALB/c mouse에 경구투여한 후 혈청을 채취하여 주요 진세노사이드 생체이용율을 LC-MS/MS이용하여 분석하였다. 또한 이들의 항염효과를 IL-1𝛽, TNF 정량분석을 통해 비교하였다. 홍삼을 발효하였을 때, Rd를 포함한 전체적인 총 진세노사이드 함량이 증가하는 것을 확인하였으며, 마우스에게 투여하였을 총 진세노사이드 TG 의 혈액 검출량 AUC 또한 발효홍삼을 섭취하였을 때 높은 것을 확인하였다. C_max값 또한 동일하게 발효홍삼을 섭취하였을 때 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 염증지표를 확인 하였을때 유도군과 비교하여 IL-1𝛽, TNF의 감소효과는 확인하였으나 그룹간의 유의적 차이는 발생하지 않았다. 이상의 연구결과로 probiotics가 발효홍삼의 ginsenoside 생체이용율을 향상시키는 중요한 요인임을 확인하였고, 이는 probiotics를 이용한 천연물 발효제제의 적용 확장과 그 산업적 활용성 증대에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.1661-1667
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• 2016

The ginsenoside-hydrolyzing β-glucosidase gene (bgy2) was cloned from Lactobacillus brevis. We expressed this gene in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), isolated the resulting protein, and then utilized the enzyme for the biotransformation of ginsenosides. The bgy2 gene contains 2,223 bp, and encodes a protein of 741 amino acids that is a member of glycosyl hydrolase family 3. β-Glucosidase (Bgy2) cleaved the outer glucose moieties of ginsenosides at the C-20 position, and the inner glucose at the C-3 position. Under optimal conditions (pH 7.0, 30℃), we used 0.1 mg/ml Bgy2 in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer (PBS) for enzymatic studies. In these conditions, 1.0 mg/ml ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside F2 were converted into 0.59 mg/ml ginsenoside Rd and 0.72mg/ml compound K, with molar conversion productivities of 69% and 91%, respectively. In pharmaceutical and commercial industries, this recombinant Bgy2 would be suitable for producting ginsenoside Rd and compound K.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate change of ginsenoside contents in red and fresh ginseng according to root part and age by hydrolysis. Neutral total ginsenoside contents by hydrolysis in 6-year main root and lateral root were significantly increased than those by non-hydrolysis, as 41.6 and 32.8%, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in red ginseng. In fresh ginseng, ginsenoside contents of the protopanaxatriol group such as Re, Rf, $Rg_1$, $Rg_2$, and $Rh_1$ were not significantly different, but $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, $Rb_3$, Rc, and Rd showed significant difference. The increase rate of neutral total ginsenoside content by hydrolysis was higher in epidermis-cortex than stele. Also, the neutral total ginsenoside content was fine root > rhizome > lateral root > main root, respectively. While there was no tendency towards the increase of ginsenoside by hydrolysis with the increase of root age in fine root and rhizome, there was significant decrease in main root and lateral root.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1978년도 학술대회지
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• pp.55-66
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• 1978

Five ginsenosides $(A_1,\;A_2,\;B_1,\;B_2,\;C)$ and a yellow pigment were isolated from American ginseng stems and leaves. Ginsenoside $A_2,\;B_1,\;B_2$ and C were proven to be identical with Korean ginseng root ginsenoside $Rg_1,$ Rd, Re and $Rb_2,$ respectively. The yellow pigment proved identical with panasenoside isolated from Korean ginseng leaves. Ginsenoside $A_1$, which was also present in American ginseng roots, was not identical to any of the known root (ginsenoside $R_{0}-Rg_{2}$) and leaf (ginsenoside $F_{1}-F_{3}$) Korean ginseng saponins. A gas-liquid chromatographic method was developed to analyze ginsenosides and sapogenins in rabbit plasma and urine samples. Panasenoside and stigmasterol were found to be the best internal standards for ginsenosides and sapogenihs, respectively. Ginsenoside C had a significantly longer half-life, higher plasma protein binding, lower metabolic and renal clearance than ginsenoside $A_1,\;A_2\;and\;B_2$. Ginsenosides were not found in rabbit plasma and urine samples after oral administration. Ginsenoside C had a higher toxicity than ginsenoside $A_2$ after intraperitoneal administration to mice. Toxicity was not observed after oral administration of the ginsenosides.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.260-264
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• 1993

인삼을 조미제품의 첨가성분으로 이용할 때 그 NaCl 농도에서 인삼성분의 안정성을 규명하기 위하여, 미삼과 홍삼정을 NaCl 농도별로 처리하여 pH, 색상 및 ginsenosides 함량을 조사한 결과, 미삼의 경우 NaCl 농도가 증가 할수록 pH는 높아졌으나 홍삼정 시험구에서는 유의적인 변화가 없었다. 색상은 NaCl 농도가 증가 될수록 감소하였다. n-BuOH extract 수율은 5% NaCl 농도에서 감소하였고 그 이상의 농도에서는 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 증감 범위는 홍삼정이 컸다. Ginsenosides 함량은 diol계 saponin인 ginsenoside-Re, $-Rb_1$, $-Rb_2$, -Rc, -Rd 및 triol계 saponin인 ginsenoside-Re 모두 5% NaCl 농도에서 감소하였고 그 이상의 농도에서 증가하는 경향이었으며, 특히 ginsenoside-Re가 가장 민감한 증감의 변화를 보였다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.33-49
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• 2010

Objectives: The aim of this experiment is to provide an objective differentiation of cultivated ginseng, mountain ginseng through component analysis, and to know the change of gin senoside components in the process of heating and fermentation Methods: Comparative analyses of ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, $Rg_1$, $Rg_3$, $Rh_1$, and $Rh_2$, from the cultivated ginseng 4 and 6 years, and mountain cultivated ginseng were conducted using HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography, hereafter HPLC). And the same analyses were conducted in the process of heating and fermentation using mixed Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium lactis for 7 days. Results: The change of ginsenosides to the process of red ginseng and fermentation, cultivated ginseng and mountain cultivated ginseng were showed another results. Mountain ginseng showed a lot of change compared with cultivated ginsengs. In the 7 days of fermentation, mountain ginseng showed that ginsenoside $Rg_1$, $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, and Rd were decreased and increased ginsenoside Re, Rf, $Rg_3$ and $Rh_1$ were increased compared with cultivated ginseng Conclusions: It seemed that ginsenosides of mountain cultivated ginseng was better resolved than cultivated ginseng because the difference of structure or distribution of ginsenosides in the condition of fermentation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.135-140
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• 2003

North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) was analysed for total ginsenosides and ten major ginsenosides (R$_{0}$ , Rb$_1$, Rb$_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg$_1$, pseudoginsenoside F$_{11}$ and gypenoside XVII), and variations in ginsenoside content with age of plant (over a four-year-period) and geographic location (Ontario versus British Columbia) were investigated. In the roots the total ginsenoside content increased with age up to 58-100 mgㆍg$^{-1}$ dry weights in the fourth year, but in leaves it remained constant over time. Roots and leaves, moreover, had different proportions of individual ginsenosides. The most abundant ginsenosides were Rb$_1$ (56mgㆍg$^{-1}$ for Ontario; 37mgㆍg$^{-1}$ for British Columbia) and Re (21mgㆍg$^{-1}$ for Ontario; 15 mgㆍg$^{-1}$ for British Columbia) in roots, and Rd (28-38 mgㆍg$^{-1}$ ), Re (20-25 mgㆍg$^{-1}$ ), and Rb$_2$ (13-19 mgㆍg$^{-1}$ ) in leaves. Measurable quantities of Rf were found in leaves (0.4-1.8 mgㆍg$^{-1}$ ) but not in roots or stems. Our results show that ginsenoside profiles in general, and Rf in particular, could be used for chemical fingerprinting to distinguish the different parts of the ginseng plant, and that ginseng leaves could be valuable sources of the ginsenosides Rd, Re, and Rb$_2$.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.263-268
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• 1990

인삼의 조직에 Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain 15834와 A4을 감염하여 형질전화체를 얻었다. 이는 인삼에서처럼 무균식물을 얻기어려운 경우 leaf disk 방법으로 모상근을 유도할 수 있었다. 모상근의 ginsenoside(Rg2,Rg1,Rf,Rd,Rc,Rbl, and Rb2)는 HPLC에 의해 定量하였으며, 진탕배양한 모상근의 ginsenoside의 함량은 0.34-1.19% 건량이었다. 이러한 결과는 재배 인삼과 배양 인삼의 ginsenoside의 함량에 비해 좋은 성과라고 사료된다.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1984년도 학술대회지
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• pp.159-168
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• 1984

생약의 화학적 특성에 대한 계속적인 연구가 이루어짐에 따라 우리는 홍삼 및 백삼의 화학성분을 상대적으로 규명하였다. 홍삼은 극성이 약한 분획에서 5개의 새로운 배당체(20R-ginsenoside $Rg_{2},\;Rh_{1};20R$, 20S-ginsenoside $Rg_{3}; ginsenoside\;Rh_{2}$와 새로운 아세칠렌 화합물(Panaxytriol)을 함유하는 특징적인 성분들이 gins - enoside Rh1, Rg2와 함께 분리되었다. ginsenoside Rh2는 배양된 종양세포에 대해 세포독소 효과를 보여주었다. 백삼은 수용성 분획에서 특징적인 성분이 있는 것으로 밝혀졌으며, 여기에서 malonly-ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc 및 Rd로 명명된 새로운 배당체 성분이 분리되었다. Malona-ginsenosides는 백삼에서는 주요한 배당체이지만, 홍삼에서는 검출되지 않았다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.173-178
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• 1996

Aerobic cells are normally protected from the damage of free radicals by antioxidative on , zymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, GSH S- transferase and GSH reductase which scavenge free radicals as well as nonenzymatic antioxidants such as ceruloplasmin, albumin and nonprotein-SH including GSH. The effects of each component (ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, $Rb_1$, Rf, $Rh_1$ and $Rh_2$) of red ginseng on the antioxidative enzyme activities were investigated in the liver in order to screen antioxidative components of red ginseng. Ginsenoside $Rb_1$ and Rc showed a tendency to increase GSH peroxidase activity, while ginsenoside Rc significantly decreased Cu,Zn-SOD activity. Especially, ginsenoside $Rh_2$ significantly increased catalase activity. These results suggest that ginsenoside $Rh_2$ is an important active component among total saponins of red ginseng.