• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.159-166
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• 2005

Ginsenosides, a group of Panax ginseng saponins, exert the lowering effects of plasma cholesterol levels in animals. We had reported earlier that ginsenoside Rb2 upregulate low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression via a mechanism that is dependent of the activation of sterol response element binding protein 2 (SREBP-2) expression. This study was conducted to determine the effects of ginsenoside Rb2 on the expression of the hepatic LDLR expression at cellular levels using HepG2 cells, and to evaluate whether the sterol response element binding protein 1 (SREBP-l) was involved in the regulation of LDLR expression. Incubation of HepG2 cells in serum-free medium supplemented with cholesterol $(10{\mu}g/ml)$ for 8 hours decreased the mRNAs of LDLR mRNA by $12\%$ and SREBP-l mRNA by $35\%$. Ginsenoside Rb2 antagonized the repressive effects of cholesterol and increased both LDLR and SREBP-l mRNA expression to 1.5- and 2-fold, respectively. Furthermore, Western blot and confocal microscopic analyses with SREBP-l polyclonal antibody revealed that ginsenoside Rb2 enhanced the maturation of the SREBP-1 from the inactive precursor form in ER membrane to the active transcription factor form in nucleus. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rb2 upregulates LDLR expression via a mechanism that is dependent of the activation of not only SREBP-2 expression, but also SREBP-1 expression and maturation, and also indicate that the pharmacological value of ginsenoside Rb2 may be distinguished from that of lovastatin which is reported that it upregulate LDLR through SREBP-2 only, not through SREBP-1.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제8권12호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2017

본 연구는 환경정화에 주로 사용되는 미세기포를 2년 근 인삼 지속적으로 처리하여 인삼이 성장하면서 변화되는 형태와 ginsenoside 변화를 조사하는 융합적 연구이다. 인삼 재배시 미세기포수를 적용하여 4개월 동안(120일) 재배한 후 인삼의 잎과 뿌리의 부위별 ginsenoside 함량과 조성을 분석하였다. 잎에 일반수를 처리한 결과 protopanaxatriol(PPT) 계열 Re 함량만 월등히 높게 나타났지만 미세기포수를 처리한 결과 protopanaxadiol(PPD) 계열 Rb1, RC, Rb2, Rd 성분도 같이 증가시키는 것을 확인하였다. 특히 Re, Rb1이 다량 증가함으로써 전체적인 total ginsenoside가 증가하는 요인이 되었다. 인삼의 부위별 PD/PT 비율은 미세기포수를 처리한 잎에서는 0.811으로 나타나고 뿌리는 1.28로 나타났다. 이것은 미세기포수 처리가 뿌리에서 ginsenoside의 합성을 유도하여 PD/PT 비율이 1과 가까운 결가를 가져와 유용성분의 증가 및 고른 분포 이루어졌다고 판단된다. 따라서 미세버블수를 사용한 고품질 인삼을 생산하는 재배 방법을 제시하고 인삼의 뿌리와 더불어 잎도 기능성 식품 소재로 활용할 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.241-247
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• 1996

The effects of ginseng total saponin, ginsenoside-Rb, and -Rb, on the reduction of chmlesterol level and the myNA expression rates of HMG CoA reductase and LDL receptor in Hep G2 were investigated and compared with that of lovastatin, a competitive HMG CoA reductase Inhibitor. The amounts of cholesterol in Hep G2 decreased in total saponin-and ginsenoside-treated groups as compared with that of control group, while there was no significant reduction in lovastatin-treated group. The mRNA expression rates of HMG CoA reductase increased in total saponin and gin- senoside groups except for ginsenoside-Rb, (10-3%) group and decreased in lovastatin group com- pared with that of control group. The mRNA expression rates of LDL receptor generally increased In all of the test groups except for total saponin (10-5%) group compared with that of control group. Because the ginseng components tested were more effective in the reduction of cholesterol level in Hep G2 than lovastatin and induced the gene expression of LDL receptor, we suggest the possibility that they could be used as a replacement agent for lovastatin which can not be prescribed especially to patients with hepatic diseases.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.171-176
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• 2008

Column chromatographic separation of 70% EtOH extract of the roots of Korean cultivated-wild ginseng led to the isolation of ten ginsenosides (1 - 10). The isolated compounds were identified as ginsenoside $Rg_1$ (1), ginsenoside Re (2), ginsenoside Rc (3), ginsenoside $Rb_1$ (4), ginsenoside $Rb_2$ (5), ginsenoside Rd (6), ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (7), ginsenoside $F_2$ (8), ginsenoside $Rb_3$ (9), and ginsenoside $Rd_2$ (10) by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. The compounds (1 - 10) were for the first time isolated from the roots of Korean cultivated-wild ginseng.

• 생약학회지
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• 제33권3호통권130호
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• pp.252-256
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• 2002

In the previous study, we demonstrated that ginsenoside $Rb_1$ isolated from the butanol fraction of the head of Panax ginseng had significant gastroprotective activity on gastritis and gastric ulcer models in rats. It has been well established that drugs to have capacity of scavenging or inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen radicals prevent the gastric mucosal injury. Ginsenoside $Rb_1$ was tested on HCl ethanol-induced gastritis in rats, DPPH-induced free radical scavenging effect, MDA assay, GSH activity, and SOD activity in gastric tissue. It showed significant inhibition in HCl ethanol-induced gastritis, and al~o significantly increase of GSH activated SOD. We speculate that the protective effect of ginsenoside $Rb_1$ against HCl ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage is originated from the increase of GSH and the activation of SOD.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1993년도 학술대회지
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• pp.30-32
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• 1993

In biological system, there are enzymes such as superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase and glutathione(GSH) peroxidase which scavenge reactive oxygen species as well as antioxidants such as ceruloplasmin, albumin and nonprotein-bound SH including GSH related to defense mechanism. In the present study, the protective effects of ginsenoside $Rb_2$ against oxidative stress were investigated in the SAM-R/1 mice. Treatment with ginsenoside $Rb_2$ significantly increased Cu, Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD in the liver. Ginsenoside $Rb_2$ tended to increase hepatic catalase activity and significantly increased serum albumin and nonprotein-bound SH levels in the liver. But treatment with ginsenoside $Rb_2$ showed a significant decrease in hepatic malondialdehyde(MDA) levels compared to control group. Furthermore, we compared the effects in the hepatic SOD, MDA and serum albumin. These findings suggest that the increase of antioxidants by ginsenoside $Rb_2$ results in the protective effects against reactive oxygen species.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.394-401
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• 2019

Background: Ginsenoside Rb1, a triterpene saponin, is derived from the Panax ginseng root and has potent antiinflammatory activity. In this study, we determined if Rb1 can increase macrophage phagocytosis and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. Methods: To measure macrophage phagocytosis, mouse peritoneal macrophages or RAW 264.7 cells were cultured with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Escherichia coli, and the phagocytic index was determined by flow cytometry. Western blot analyses were performed. Results: Ginsenoside Rb1 increased macrophage phagocytosis and phosphorylation of p38 mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK), but inhibition of p38 MAPK activity with SB203580 decreased the phagocytic ability of macrophages. Rb1 also increased Akt phosphorylation, which was suppressed by LY294002, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor. Rb1-induced Akt phosphorylation was inhibited by SB203580, (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol, and small-interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of $p38{\alpha}$ MAPK in macrophages. However, Rb1-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation was not blocked by LY294002 or siRNA-mediated knockdown of Akt. The inhibition of Akt activation with siRNA or LY294002 also inhibited the Rb1-induced increase in phagocytosis. Rb1 increased macrophage phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized beads but not unopsonized beads. The phosphorylation of p21 activated kinase 1/2 and actin polymerization induced by IgG-opsonized beads and Rb1 were inhibited by SB203580 and LY294002. Intraperitoneal injection of Rb1 increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and Akt and the phagocytosis of bacteria in bronchoalveolar cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that ginsenoside Rb1 enhances the phagocytic capacity of macrophages for bacteria via activation of the p38/Akt pathway. Rb1 may be a useful pharmacological adjuvant for the treatment of bacterial infections in clinically relevant conditions.

• 생약학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.84-91
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• 2016

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) has been used as a traditional herbal medicine in East Asia and is very popular in the world, because of its health benefits. To comparison of pharmacological components and physiochemical properties between white and red ginseng from same body, we analyzed ginsenoside and malonyl ginsenoside, ash, crude lipid/protein, fatty acid, mineral contents, total/reducing sugar, and total phenolic and acidic polysaccharide contents. The general components did not show any significant difference between white and red ginseng. Whereas, the content of neutral ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc and Rd were higher in red ginseng than those of white ginseng. However, malonyl ginsenoside such as $m-Rb_1$, $m-Rb_2$, m-Rc and m-Rd in white ginseng were similar to neutral ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc and Rd in white ginseng and far higher than those of red ginseng. These results exhibit that malonyl ginsenosides were converted to neutral ginsenosides in steaming process for red ginseng. So, we suggest that malonyl ginsenoside are necessary to applies in ginsenoside analysis of Korean ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.344-351
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• 2011

Ginsenoside $Rb_1$ is the main component in ginsenosides. It is a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside that has a dammarane-type triterpenoid as an aglycone. In this study, ginsenoside $Rb_1$ was transformed into gypenoside XVII, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside $F_2$ and compound K by glycosidase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides DC102. The optimum time for the conversion was about 72 h at a constant pH of 6.0 to 8.0 and the optimum temperature was about $30^{\circ}C$. Under optimal conditions, ginsenoside $Rb_1$ was decomposed and converted into compound K by 72 h post-reaction (99%). The enzymatic reaction was analyzed by highperformance liquid chromatography, suggesting the transformation pathway: ginsenoside $Rb_1$ ${\rightarrow}$ gypenoside XVII and ginsenoside Rd${\rightarrow}$ginsenoside $F_2{\rightarrow}$compound K.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.199-205
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• 1980

인삼의 유효약리성분으로 밝혀진 saponin중의 각 ginsenosides를 효과적이고 능률적으로 분리하기 위하여 대량분취전용 고속액체 chromatograph인 preparative HPLC의 응용을 검토하였다. 조(粗) saponin획분을 preparative HPLC인 Prep LC/system-500를 사용하여 부분분획을 하고 각 획분에 함유되어 있는 ginsenosides의 조성을 Analytical HPLC로 동정한 후 Semi-preparative HPLC를 사용하여 인삼주성분 saponin을 단리했다. 그 결과 인삼 주성분 saponin인 $ginsenoside-Rb_1,\;-Rb_2,\;-Rc,\;-Rd,\;-Re$ 및 $-Rg_1$은 약 20 mg / 2.0 ml / injection으로 chromatography를 행하여 $300{\sim}400mg/day$로 대량분취가 가능하였다. 따라서 ginsenosides의 약리 및 임상효능 연구에 크게 기여하게 될 것이다.