• 인삼문화
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• 제4권
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• pp.38-58
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• 2022

박완서의 소설은 여성문제, 자본주의 체제, 노년 문제 등을 현실감 있게 다룸으로써 문학계는 물론 여성학, 사회학 등 많은 분야에서 사회 현상의 분석 도구로 활용된다. 박완서 소설의 특징은 본인이 체험했던 사실들을 소설의 배경으로 배치한다. 하지만 소설 「미망」은 예외적으로 그가 경험하지 못한 일들을 전해 내려오는 이야기와 취재를 바탕으로 줄거리를 구성했다. 이는 잊지 못하는(未忘) 고향 개성 이야기를 통해서 시대정신을 보여 주려 한 것이다. 「미망」은 인삼재배와 상업을 기반으로 거대 자본가로 성장한 전처만과 그의 가족을 중심으로 한 4대에 걸친 가족 연대기가 줄거리를 이룬다. 19세기 후반부터 한국전쟁이 끝나는 시기까지를 배경으로 소설은 역사적 격동기에 살아왔던 인물의 행적을 중심으로 인삼과 개성상인이 상징하는 시대적 의미를 풀어낸다. 개성은 고려인삼의 메카로서 인삼과 개성상인 이야기를 빼고는 개성의 전형을 그릴 수 없다. 실재했던 사실들을 토대로 픽션이 가미된 「미망」은 근대사의 사료적 가치, 개성의 풍속사 뿐만아니라 미시사로서 인삼 역사의 소중한 증언이 담겨있다. 「미망」에는 개성의 시대상과 인삼 상인의 정신, 식민지 시절 일본의 인삼 약탈과 삼업인의 저항, 인삼 자본의 근대 자본주의로 전환 등의 흔적이 화석처럼 박혀있다. 특히 의미가 깊은 것은 소설 속 이야기들이 역사적 사실과 조응해 인삼사의 한 장(章)을 구성한다는 것이다. 「미망」에서 나타난 인삼의 상징성은 크게 세 가지로 볼 수 있다. 첫째, 고려인삼의 정기를 보여 준다. 인삼 농사의 정성과 까다로움, 삼업(蔘業) 정신과 자부심을 통해 인삼의 영물(靈物)스러움을 드러낸다. 둘째, 일본의 인삼 수탈을 민족수난사로 상징한다. 이를 지키려는 인삼 상인들의 노력과 독립운동 지원을 중요한 테마로 풀어내 민족정신을 나타낸다. 셋째, 지주, 상업 자본에 머물지 않고 생산 자본으로 전환, 근대기업화하고 사회에 기여하는 개성 인삼 상인의 근대 자본가적 진취성을 보여 준다. 세 개의 상징성은 그 당시 인삼 상인이 추구하던 시대정신을 보여 주는 것으로 우리 민족과 인삼의 관계를 더욱 명징하게 드러낸다.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1528-1528
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• 2001

Ginseng cultivated in different country or growing condition has generally different components such as saponin and protein, and it relates to efficacy and action. Protein content assumes by nitrogen content in ginseng radix. Nitrogen content could be determined by chemical analysis such as kjeldahl or extraction methods. However, these methods require long analysis time and result environmental pollution and sample damage. In this work we investigated possibility of non-destructive determination of nitrogen content in ginseng radix using near-infrared spectroscopy. Ginseng radix, root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, was studied. Total 120 samples were used in this study and it was consisted of 6 sample sets, 4, 5 and 6-year-old Korea ginseng and 7, 8 and 9-year-old China ginseng, respectively. Each sample set has 20 sample. Nigrogen content was measured by electronic analysis. NIR reflectance spectra were collected over the 1100 to 2500 nm spectral region with a InfraAlyzer 500C (Bran+Luebbe, Germany) equipped with a halogen lapmp and PbS detector and data were collected every 2 nm data point intervals. The calibration models were carried out by multiple linear regression (MLR) and partial least squares (PLS) analysis using IDAS and SESAME software. Result of electronic analysis, Korean ginseng were different mean value in nitrogen content of China ginseng. Ginseng tend to generally decrease the nitrogen content according as cultivation year is over 6 years. The MLR calibration model with 8 wavelengths using IDAS software accurately predicted nitrogen contents with correlation coefficient (R) and standard error of prediction of 0.985 and 0.855%, respectively. In case of SESAME software, the MLR calibration with 9 wavelength was selected the best calibration, R and SEP were 0.972 and 0.596%, respectively. The PLSR calibration model result in 0.969 of R and 0.630 of RMSEP. This study shows the NIR spectroscopy could be applied to determine the nitrogen content in ginseng radix with high accuracy.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.351-356
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• 2015

Background : Ginseng is mainly grown as a break crop in paddy fields after rice has been cultured for approximately 4 - 5 years, because it reduces the negative effects of continuous rice cropping. However, physiological disorders, such as leaf discoloration, occur in ginseng grown in paddy fields with poor drainage and excessive levels of inorganic components. Methods and Results : This study investigated the effect of ridge height on the growth characteristics and yield of 6 year old Panax ginseng. Ridge height was varied by making 20, 30, and 40 cm high ridges in a pooly drained paddy field. Soil moisture content decreased, while electrical conductivity (EC) as the ridge height increased. The $NO_3$, K, Ca, Mg, and Na levels also rose as ridge height increased, but organic matter and $P_2O_4$ levels did not. The leaf discoloration ratio rose as the ridge height increased, and root yield reached a peak when the ridge height was 30 cm. Conclusion : A ridge height of 30 cm in poorly drained paddy field improved ginseng growth by reducing leaf discoloration and increasing root survival, owing to more suitable soil moisture and EC levels.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.304-311
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• 2018

Background: Ginseng black spot disease resulting from Alternaria panax Whuetz is a common soil-borne disease, with an annual incidence rate higher than 20-30%. In this study, the bacterial strains with good antagonistic effect against A. panax are screened. Methods: A total of 285 bacterial strains isolated from ginseng rhizosphere soils were screened using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and the Oxford cup plate assay. We analyzed the antifungal spectrum of SZ-22 by confronting incubation. To evaluate the efficacy of biocontrol against ginseng black spot and for growth promotion by SZ-22, we performed pot experiments in a plastic greenhouse. Taxonomic position of SZ-22 was identified using morphology, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, 16S ribosomal DNA, and gyrB sequences. Results: SZ-22 (which was identified as Brevundimonas terrae) showed the strongest inhibition rate against A. panax, which showed 83.70% inhibition, and it also provided broad-spectrum antifungal effects. The inhibition efficacies of the SZ-22 bacterial suspension against ginseng black spot reached 82.47% inhibition, which is significantly higher than that of the 25% suspension concentrate azoxystrobin fungicide treatment (p < 0.05). Moreover, the SZ-22 bacterial suspension also caused ginseng plant growth promotion as well as root enhancement. Conclusion: Although the results of the outdoor pot-culture method were influenced by the pathogen inoculum density, the cropping history of the field site, and the weather conditions, B. terrae SZ-22 controlled ginseng black spot and promoted ginseng growth successfully. This study provides resource for the biocontrol of ginseng black spot.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.312-320
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• 2020

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is an essential source of pharmaceuticals and functional foods. Ginseng productivity has been compromised by high light (HL) stress, which is one of the major abiotic stresses during the ginseng cultivation period. The genetic improvement for HL tolerance in ginseng could be facilitated by analyzing its genetic and molecular characteristics associated with HL stress. Methods: Genome-wide analysis of gene expression was performed under HL and recovery conditions in 1-year-old Korean ginseng (P. ginseng cv. Chunpoong) using the Illumina HiSeq platform. After de novo assembly of transcripts, we performed expression profiling and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Furthermore, putative functions of identified DEGs were explored using Gene Ontology terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathway enrichment analysis. Results: A total of 438 highly expressed DEGs in response to HL stress were identified and selected from 29,184 representative transcripts. Among the DEGs, 326 and 114 transcripts were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Based on the functional analysis, most upregulated and a significant number of downregulated transcripts were related to stress responses and cellular metabolic processes, respectively. Conclusion: Transcriptome profiling could be a strategy to comprehensively elucidate the genetic and molecular mechanisms of HL tolerance and susceptibility. This study would provide a foundation for developing breeding and metabolic engineering strategies to improve the environmental stress tolerance of ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.482-487
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• 2019

Background: The mixed-cultivation of different Panax ginseng cultivars can cause adverse effects on stability of yield and quality. K-1 is a superior cultivar with good root shape and stronger disease resistance. DNA markers mined from functional genes are clearly desirable for K-1, as they may associate with major traits and can be used for marker-assisted selection to maintain the high quality of Korean ginseng. Methods: Five genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins of P. ginseng were amplified and compared for polymorphism mining. Primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of PR5 protein were analyzed by ExPASy-ProtParam, PSSpred, and I-TASSER methods, respectively. A coding single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based specific primer was designed for K-1 by introducing a destabilizing mismatch within the 3' end. Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time allele-specific PCR assays were conducted for molecular discrimination of K-1 from other cultivars and landraces. Results: A coding SNP leading to the modification of amino acid residue from aspartic acid to asparagine was exploited in PR5 gene of K-1 cultivar. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the modification of amino acid residue changed the secondary and tertiary structures of the PR5 protein. Primer KSR was designed for specific discrimination of K-1 from other ginseng cultivars and landraces. The developed real-time allele-specific PCR assay enabled easier automation and accurate genotyping of K-1 from a large number of ginseng samples. Conclusion: The SNP marker and the developed real-time allele-specific PCR assay will be useful not only for marker-assisted selection of K-1 cultivar but also for quality control in breeding and seed programs of P. ginseng.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2014

Objectives : In this study, we investigated Hyangyak in "Single-medicine prescription treatment of domestic herbs" of "Kwangjebikeup" and then conducted further studies focusing on ginseng as it is written in "Single-medicine prescription treatment of domestic herbs". Methods : Through a study of classical literature on Hyangyak and ginseng, information regarding the two was gathered and analyzed, with respect to both time and region. Results : All of the herbs in "Single-medicine prescription treatment of domestic herbs", the 4th volume of "Kwangjebikeup", are domestic herbs. Ginseng was a part of the flora of the Korean Peninsula from long ago and ginseng was cultivated from most of the peninsula. We confirmed cultivation of ginseng in Sungcheon, Pyungan-do and most areas of Hamgyeong-do through geography books such as "Geography Monograph of King Sejong". Because the natural environmental condition of the Korean Peninsula was conducive to growing wild ginseng, it was possible to cultivate ginseng. In the late Chosun period, cultivated ginseng was so prevalent that people would have been able to collect and use ginseng without great difficulty. In "Kwangjebikeup", ginseng shows superior efficacy in terms of first-aid. "Kwangjebikeup" contains practical herbal medicines that were based on obtainable ingredients. Conclusions : The purpose of publication of this book was to make medical knowledge available to general public in an easy-to-understand form. And through added clinical experiences of the author, we know that "Kwangjebikeup" played a role in settlement and spreading of foreign knowledge to civilians.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.168-173
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• 2002

한약재 추출물로 재배한 콩나물의 무게와 길이변화 및 조단백질 함량을 조사한 결과, 한약재중에서 콩나물 무게와 길이의 증가는 대조구에 비하여 인삼 추출물이 가장 효과적이었고, 다음으로 감초가 효과적이었다. 당귀와 천궁 추출물 은 대조구와 비슷하였고, 황련 추출물은 오히려 억제되었다. 인삼과 감초의 추출물 농도는 각각 200 ppm 및 100 ppm에서 콩나물 무게와 길이의 증가에 효과적이었다. 인삼 추출물에서 콩나물의 무게는 대조구에 비하여 재배일수별로는 균 7.2%로 증가하였고, 길이는 200 ppm에서 평균 32% 신장 증가를 촉진시켰으며, 3일째에 길이가 50%로 가장 빨리 성장됨을 알 수 있었다. 조단백질 함량은 당귀 및 인삼 처리구의 경우, 재배기간에 따른 그 함량이 약간 증가하는 경향이었으며, 천궁 처리구는 고농도(300∼400 ppm)에서 4일째가 대조구에 비하여 많은 함량을 나타내었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권2호
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• pp.170-177
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• 2009

There are remarkable differences in growth and morphological characters of roots between mountain and field cultivated Panax ginseng. Growth of root in mountain cultivated ginseng was much slower than that of field cultivated ginseng. However, the factor affecting the retarded growth in mountain ginseng was not known. Soil analysis revealed that phosphorus (P) content of mountain soil was exceptionally low at least ten-fold lower compared to that of field soil. Thus, we suggest that low availability of P in mountain soil may be one of the limiting factors for growth of ginseng in mountain soil environment. We had monitored the growth of ginseng plants after one and three years of phosphate fertilizer application. Three kinds of phosphate fertilizers: fused magnesium phosphate, fused superphosphate, and single superphosphate were applied to mountain soil. Application of phosphate fertilizers increased the fresh-, dry weight, and diameter of ginseng roots and resulted in increased P accumulation in roots. These results demonstrate that slow growth of ginseng in mountain soil environment might be attributed to the low P content in mountain soil. Thus, analysis of P amount in mountain soil will be a good indicator for the selection of suitable site the ginseng cultivation in forest.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.199-204
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• 2002

한국의 인삼재배시 연작장해로 인한 생산량 감소가 문제가 되고 있다 이를 극복하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 한국인삼 재배를 위하여 양액재배 시스템을 적용하였다. 최적의 양액재배용 배지를 선발하기 위하여 모래, TSK-2 (S＋T), 피트모스 (P), 재활용 암면 (RR)과 입상 암면 (GR)등의 다양한 배지를 단독 및 혼합처리구로 사용하였다. RR배지의 경우 전반적인 물리화학적 특성은 기존에 보고된 인삼배지의 토양특성과 유사하였다. S＋T배지는 가밀도가 인삼용 토양보다 높았다 인삼의 지상부 생체중은 RR배지와 S＋T배지에서 높았다. 인삼 뿌리의 생체중 및 건물중은 RR배지에서 가장 높았다. 인삼의 뿌리의 품질적 측면에서 vitamin C함량은 양액재배로 생육시킨 인삼이 토양에서 생육한 인삼보다 높았으나, crude saponin과 ginsenosides 함량에서는 차이를 나타내지 않았다.