• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.337-345
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• 1995

The effects of ginkgolides(natural mixture of ginkgolides, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide C) and flavonoids(quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin), extracted from Ginkgo biloba, on ADP and PAF-induced platelet aggregation in vitro and ex vivo were investigated. In these experiments, both of ginkgolides and ginkgoflavonoids did not affect the ADP(5 $\mu{M}$) induced platelet aggregation in vitro. The IC$_{50}$ value on PAF (0.3 $\mu{M}$) induced platelet aggregation were 2.52 $\mu{M}$ (ginkgolide B) and 6.35 $\mu{M}$ (natural mixture of ginkgolides) and 2.80 $\mu{M}$ (mixture of ginkgolide B and quercetin). Oral administration of ginkgolide B (1 and 3 mg/kg) and quercetin (3 and 9 mg/kg) to rabbits inhibited ex vivo PAF induced platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. Ginkomin-F tablets administered to the diabetic patients showed inhibitory activities on the ADP and PAF induced platelet aggregation in a dose and time dependent manner.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.147-155
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• 1993

The cardiac effects of PAF antagonist Ginkgolide B(BN 52051) have been investigated on the isolated perfused guinea pig hearts maintained at the constant hydrostatic perfusion pressure of 80 cm water. PDE(Phosphodiesterase) inhibitor KR-30289 was used as a positive control to see the positive inotropic effects on the perfused hearts. In this expriments, Ginkgolide $B(10^{-5}-SM)$ showed negative inotropic effects by decreasing of LVP, LVDP, LV dp/dt, HR and RPP(Rate Pressure Product). Ginkgolide B also decreased the number of extrasystole by $51.9\%(from\;23.75\pm9.22/min\;to\;11.43\pm435/min)$ induced by global ischemia and reperfusion. The rate, [-dp/dt]/[+dp/dt] increased in preischemia but decreased in postischemia. 1n the separated study the injection of 1ml of Ginkgolide B$(10^{-4M})$ on the isolated heart, increased coronary flow(CF) by $11.8\%(from\;7.5\pm7.65ml/min\;to\;8.5\pm0.29ml/min)$ and decreased the number of extrasystole by $47.6\%(from\;21\pm5.92/min\;to\;11\pm5.27/min)$. In conclusion, Ginkgolide B showed antiarrhythmic and protective effects by decreasing the number of extrasystole and by increasing the coronary flow, respectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.150-154
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• 2005

To overcome the problems associated with chemical pesticides, biological pest controls agent extracted from Ginkgo biloba was studied. Insecticidal activities components in Ginkgo biloba extracts were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This results of HPLC analysis, GG-W80 were included bilobalide $611\;{\mu}g/kg$, ginkgolide A $37\;{\mu}g/kg$ and ginkgolide B $243\;{\mu}g/kg$, while YG-W80 were included bilobalide $214\;{\mu}g/kg$ and ginkgolide B $46\;{\mu}g/kg$. The biological activity of Ginkgo biloba extracts were conducted to repellent and pesticidial effect of Tetranichus urticae, Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae treated with Ginkgo biloba leaves extracts. Mortalities of adult T. urticae to green Ginkgo biloba extracts (GG-W80) and yellow Ginkgo biloba extracts (YG-W80) were shown 98.3% and 20.0%, respectively. From these results, terpenes components in Ginkgo biloba extracts could be use for biological controls for T. urticae.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2011

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the combined effects of ginkgo biloba extract, ginkgolide A and B and aspirin on SK-N-MC, human neuroblastoma cell viability and mRNA expression of growth associated protein43 (GAP43), Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), B-cell lymphoma2 (Bcl2) and protein53 (p53) gene in hypoxia and reperfusion condition. Methods: SK-N-MC cells were cultured with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) media in $37^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ incubator. The cells were cultured for 8 hours in non-glucose media and hypoxic condition and for 12 hours in normal media and $O_2$ concentration. Cell survival rate was measured with Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) reagent assay. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to estimate mRNA levels of GAP43, MAP2, Bcl2, and p53 genes. Results: The ginkgolide A and B increased viable cell number decreased in hypoxic and reperfused condition. The co-treatment of ginkgolide B with aspirin also increased the number of viable cells, however, there was no additive effect. Although there was no increase of mRNA expression of GAP43, MAP2, and Bcl2 in SK-N-MC cells with individual treatment of ginkgolide A, B or aspirin in hypoxic and reperfused condition, the co-treatment of ginkgolide A or B with aspirin significantly increased GAP43 and Bcl2 mRNA levels. In MAP2, only the co-treatment of ginkgolide A and aspirin showed increasing effect. The mRNA expression of p53 had no change in all treating conditions. Conclusion: This study suggests that the combined treatments of Ginkgo biloba extracts and aspirin increase the regeneration of neuroblastoma cells injured by hypoxia and reperfusion.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.40-48
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• 2016

The pregnane X receptor (PXR), a liver and intestine specific receptor,, has been reported to be related with the repression of inflammation as well as activation of cytochromosome P450 3A (CYP3A) expression. We examined the effect of PXR on tetrachloromethane (CCl4)-induced mouse liver inflammation in this work. Ginkgolide A, one main component of Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBE), activated PXR and enhanced PXR expression level, displayed both significant therapeutic effect and preventive effect against $CCl_4$-induced mouse hepatitis. siRNA-mediated decrease of PXR expression significantly reduced the efficacy of Ginkgolide A in treating $CCl_4$-induced inflammation in mice. Flavonoids, another important components of GBE, were shown anti-inflammatory effect in a different way from Ginkgolide A which might be independent on PXR because flavonoids significantly inhibited CYP3A11 activities in mice. The results indicated that anti-inflammatory effect of PXR might be mediated by enhancing transcription level of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ through binding of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$. Inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ activity by NF-${\kappa}B$-specific suppressor $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ is one of the potential mechanisms of Ginkgolide A against CCl4-induced liver inflammation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1198-1205
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• 2000

Effect of inhibitions of three kinds of Ginkgo biloba extracts(Ginkgo biloba extract, Ginkgolide A, and Ginkgolide B) on induction of reactive oxygen species and release of inflammation mediator arachidonic acid were tested. Three kinds of Ginkgo biloba extracts could not inhibit the pyrogallol auto-oxidation, but they showed the hydrogen atom donating activity in DPPH assay. When 10 ${\mu}M$ hydrogen peroxide and 400 ${\mu}g/mL$ of three kinds of Ginkgo biloba extracts were added to U937 monocytic macrophage, the induction of lipid peroxidation was not observed. The Ginkgo biloba extract showed the most powerful inhibition among the extracts. And only Ginkgolide A was good for the inhibition of the protein degradation. The release of inflammation mediator arachidonic acid was induced by adding TPA and calcimycin to U937. In this assay, even 10 ${\mu}g/mL$ of three different Ginkgo biloba extracts excellently blocked the release of arachidonic acid. Particularly, the inhibition efficiency of Ginkgolide B was about 11 times higher than that of induction, and was about 4 times higher than that of the control of noninduction. This result suggests that the release of arachidonic acid is not inhibited by the antioxidant activity of Ginkgo biloba extracts, but a pre-step of the release of arachidoinc acid is inhibited by Ginkgo biloba extracts.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.304-308
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• 1993

A platelet activating factor(PAF) antagonist ginkgolides produced from Ginkgo biloba are well known for their potential usage in septic shock and other PAF related diseases. Even though they are extracted from the leaves and on occasion the root bark, the exact biosynthetic site and pathway have not proved yet. In order to locate the enzymes involved and elucidate the biosynthetic site of the compounds, embryo-derived aseptic intact plantlet and plantlet without root have been cultured on 0.3% active carbon-containing solid Murashige and Skoog's medium. The leaves from the six-week-old normal plantlet contained similar amount of ginkgolide B to that of outdoor plant leaves, while the plantlets without root had less than 30% of the ginkgolide B compared to the in vitro intact plantlets. The results suggest that the ginkgolides may be synthesized in the root and transported to the aerial part.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 2010

Antifungal effect of Ginkgo biloba leaves extracts conducted for Pityrosporum ovale. Antifungal effect verified by diffusion test, optical density test and colony counting test under various concentration. Extract of ginkgo biloba leaves performed with 40% ethanol and 60% water solution at $60^{\circ}C$ and major components analyzed by HPLC. The concentrated extract have bilobalide and ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B and their concentration were 153.0 mg/L, 8403.5 mg/L and 2723.0 mg/L respectively. Ginkgo biloba leaves extracts gave 99.1% of antifungal effect for Pityrosporum ovale examined by colony counting method.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.391-396
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• 2017

Objective : To investigate the neuroprotective effects of Ginkgolide B (GB) against ischemic stroke-induced injury in vivo and in vitro, and further explore the possible mechanisms concerned. Methods : Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mice and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-treated N2a cells were used to explore the neuroprotective effects of GB. The expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was detected via Western blot and qRT-PCR. Results : GB treatment (4 mg/kg, i. p., bid) significantly reduced neurological deficits, water content, and cerebral infarct volume in tMCAO mice. GB also significantly increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio, reduced the expression of caspase-3, and protected against OGD/R-induced neuronal apoptosis. Meanwhile, GB caused the up-regulation of BDNF protein in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion : Our data suggest that GB might protect the brain against ischemic insult partly via modulating BDNF expression.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.312-316
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• 2006

A optimal condition for the Ginkgo biloba extraction in ethanol and water binary solvent system has been proposed based on concentration of bilobalide and ginkgolide known as having a antimicrobial components in the range 5% to 70% ethanol in water at $80^{\circ}C$. Concentration of bilobalide as a single component of Ginkgo biloba leaves extract is the highest at the 60% ethanol and ginkgolide A and B is highest at 50% ethanol. Antimicrobial effect of Ginkgo biloba leaves extracts on the S. aureus was also examined by disc diffusion test and optical density test. In case of the disc diffusion test, the clean zone diameter was increased from 0.95 cm to 1.70 cm as ethanol concentration increased from 5 to 70%. However, over the 40% of ethanol concentration the antimicrobial effect was almost flat. Based on these results, we propose that the 40% of ethanol and 60% water solvent is most desirable for Ginkgo biloba extract considering vapor pressure problem in concentrating process after extraction. We introduced SEM and TEM to figure out the morphological change on the surface and inside body of S. aureus when Ginkgo biloba leaves extract was treated. After mixed with Ginkgo biloba leaves extract blast like blebs appeared on the surface of S. aureus cells and cell wall was not observed. From the these results, it seems that the Ginkgo biloba leaves extract including bilobalide and ginkgolide A, B prevent cell wall synthesis.