• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.29
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• pp.3.1-3.7
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• 2014

Objectives This study was conducted to determine the depositional characteristics of several tree barks, including Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), Pine (Pinus densiflora), Platanus (Platanus), and Metasequoia (Metasequoia glyptostroboides). These were used as passive air sampler (PAS) of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Methods Tree barks were sampled from the same site. PBDEs were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometer, and the lipid content was measured using the gravimetric method by n-hexane extraction. Results Gingko contained the highest lipid content (7.82 mg/g dry), whereas pine (4.85 mg/g dry), Platanus (3.61 mg/g dry), and Metasequoia (0.97 mg/g dry) had relatively lower content. The highest total PBDEs concentration was observed in Metasequoia (83,159.0 pg/g dry), followed by Ginkgo (53,538.4 pg/g dry), Pine (20,266.4 pg/g dry), and Platanus (12,572.0 pg/g dry). There were poor correlations between lipid content and total PBDE concentrations in tree barks ($R^2$=0.1011, p =0.682). Among the PBDE congeners, BDE 206, 207 and 209 were highly brominated PBDEs that are sorbed to particulates in ambient air, which accounted for 90.5% (84.3-95.6%) of the concentration and were therefore identified as the main PBDE congener. The concentrations of particulate PBDEs deposited on tree barks were dependent on morphological characteristics such as surface area or roughness of barks. Conclusions Therefore, when using the tree barks as the PAS of the atmospheric PBDEs, samples belonging to same tree species should be collected to reduce errors and to obtain reliable data.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.155-164
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• 2002

Purpose : A ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) has been known as a hypoxic cell radiosensitizer. Its mechanisms of action are increase of the red blood cell deformability, decrease the blood viscosity, and decrease the hypoxic cell fraction in the tumor. The aims of this study were to estimate the effect of GBE on fractionated radiotherapy and to clarify the mechanism of action of the GBE by estimating the blood flow in tumor and normal muscle. Materials and Methods : Fibrosarcoma (FSall) growing in a C3H mouse leg muscle was used as the tumor model. When the tumor size reached 7 mm in diameter, the GBE was given intraperitoneally at 1 and 25 hours prior to irradiation. The tumor growth delay was measured according to the various doses of radiation (3, 6, 9, 12 Gy and 15 Gy) and to the fractionation (single and fractionated irradiation) with and without the GBE injection. The radiation dose to the tumor the response relationships and the enhancement ratio of the GBE were measured. In addition, the blood flow of a normal muscle and a tumor was compared by laser Doppler flowmetry according to the GBE treatment. Results : When the GBE was used with single fraction irradiation with doses ranging from 3 to 12 Gy, GBE increased the tumor growth delay significantly (p<0.05) and the enhancement ratio of the GBE was 1.16. In fractionated irradiation with 3 Gy per day, the relationships between the radiation dose (D) and the tumor growth delay (TGD) were TGD $(days)=0.26{\times}D$ (Gy)+0.13 in the radiation alone group, and the TGD $(days)=0.30{\times}D$ (Gy)+0.13 in the radiation with GBE group. As a result, the enhancement ratio was 1.19 ($95\%$ confidence interval; $1.13\~1.27$). Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to measure the blood flow. The mean blood flow was higher in the muscle (7.78 mL/100 g/min in tumor and the 10.15 mL/100 g/min in muscle, p=0.005) and the low blood flow fraction (less than 2 mL/100 g/min) was higher in the tumor $(0.5\%\;vs.\;5.2\%,\;p=0.005)$. The blood flow was not changed with the GBE in normal muscle, but was increased by $23.5\%$ ( p=0.0004) in the tumor. Conclusion : Based on these results, it can be concluded that the GBE enhanced the radiation effect significantly when used with fractionated radiotherapy as well as with single fraction irradiation. Furthermore, the GBE increased the blood flow of the tumor selectively.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1-4
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• 1988

은행나무와 젓나무재(材)에 있어서의 방사유세포(放射柔細胞)에서 결정(結晶)이 확인(確認)되었는데 은행나무의 집정(集晶)만이 관찰(觀察)된 반면 젓나무에서는 다면체형(多面體形), 주정(柱晶)의 3종류가 관찰(觀察)되었다. 이러한 결정(結晶)은 일반적으로 자주 관찰(觀察)되었기에 수종식별(數種識別)의 한 인자(因子)가 될 수 있는 것으로 여겨졌다.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.413-423
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• 2010

The study has been carried to evaluate the wood color, a typical element of visual and decorative effect, for seven major domestic softwoods using L*a*b* and chrominance ($\Delta$E*ab). The result showed that the values of whiteness, redness, and yellowness were positive at both sapwood and heartwood and there were no wood having a small chrominance difference ranged 0~0.5. There was also no wood having a chrominance difference ranging 0.5~3.0. Ginkgo biloba, Pinus koraiensis, and Larix kaempferi wood showed a little different chrominance, Taxus cuspidata, Pinus densiflora for. erecta, and Pinus densiflora wood substantial different chrominance, Juniperus chinensis wood largest different chrominance. It is concluded that the study results could be utilized as a data base in areas of wood craft and furniture and could open a way to substitute foreign imported woods.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.77-85
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• 1991

은행나무 지재(枝材)에 발달(發達)하여 있는 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)와 대응재(對應材)의 해부학적(解剖學的) 특성(特性) 차이(差異)를 조직(組織) 및 그 구성요소(構成要素)의 크기 면에서 서로 검토(檢討) 비교(比較)하였다. 조직적(組織的)인 특성(特性)으로는 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)가 연륜폭(年輪幅), 횡단면상(橫斷面上) 가도관(假導官) 형상(形狀) 및 방사조직(放射組織) 비례상태(比例狀態), 세포간극(細胞間隙), 가도관(假導官) 선단(先端)의 굴곡(屈曲), 나선열(螺旋裂) 및 접선단면상(接線斷面上)의 방사조직(放射組織) 형상(形狀) 면에서 대응재(對應材)와 차이(差異)를 나타냈으며 구성요소(構成要素)의 크기에 있어서는 가도관(假導官)의 벽후(壁厚) 및 접선직경(接線直徑), 단열(單列) 방사조직(放射組織)의 높이, 이열방사조직(二列放射組織)의 수(數) 및 방사조직(放射組織) 밀도(密度) 면에서 압축이상재(壓縮異常材)가 대응재(對應材)와 차이(差異)를 나타내는 것으로 여겨졌다.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.49-52
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• 2006

To elucidate the effect of antioxidant complex containing $\beta-carotene$, vitamin E, vitamin C, Ginkgo Biloba leaf extract and selenium on oxygen :tree radical production and detoxification system, rats were fed normal diet and normal diet with antioxidant complex 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% for 3 weeks. Feed efficiency ratio, changes in body weight, weight gain and amounts of feces of rat are similar in four groups. Liver weight per body weight and hepatic lipid peroxide weight increased in 0.5% group. However, hepatic glutathione contents in all antioxidant complex added groups were significantly increased compare with normal control group. On the other hand, the activity of xanthine oxidase was a little increased due to the amounts of antioxidant complex. Superoxide dismutase and gutathione peroxidase activity of 0.1% antioxidant complex added group were increased about $10{\sim}20%$ in comparison to normal control group. These results suggest that the supplementation of antioxidant complex 0.1% to basal diet may reduce the hepatic damage caused by free radicals.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.182-182
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• 2005

• CELLMED
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.17.1-17.8
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• 2014

Herbal remedies are commonly used by patients worldwide. Because these herbal preparations share the same metabolic and transport proteins with prescribed medicines, the potential for a drug-herb interaction is substantial and is an issue of significant concern. This review paper summarizes drug-herb interactions involving inhibition or induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes, drug transporters as well as modulation of drug pharmacodynamics. An increasing number of in vitro and animal studies, case reports and clinical trials evaluating such interactions have been reported, and implications of these studies are discussed in this review. The most commonly implicated drugs in the interaction include anticoagulants, antiplatelets, immunosuppressants, anti-neoplastics, protease inhibitors, and some antidepressants. Pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic interactions of five commonly used herbal remedies (danshen, garlic, Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and St John's wort) with these drugs are presented, with focus of discussion being the potentials for interaction, their mechanisms and clinical implications. There is a necessity for adequate pharmacovigilance to be carried out in minimizing unanticipated but often preventable drug-herb interactions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.219-228
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• 1998

This study was investigated a optimum planting density of urban public park in seoul. Eight species commonly usd as landscape plants were selected. The survey was conducted to measure hight and width of the trees by five years interval. The results are summarized as follows. The average annual growth rates of the trees after planting were 7.4% in height 11.7% in width. Faster grown trees than average growth rate of the survey tres wee Metasequoia, glyptostroboides and Acer buergerianum, While the slower grown trees were Pinus koraiensis, Ginkgo biloba and Zelkova serrata. The average grown trees were Pinus strobus, Pinus densiflora and Acer palmatum . The planting density of survey area was 0.20tree/$m^2$. The optimum planting density was kept until five years after planting, however overcrowding density was found beyond five years after planting. This study also found the density of ten years after planting reaches about 3 times of optimum density.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 1993

Many plants collected at Japan, China, Korea, Imdonesia and South America were applied to antitumor and / or cytotoxic screening tests against Sarcoma 180 ascites in mice and / or V-79, KB, P388 cultured cells. On the course of these screening tests, alcoholic extracts of Forsythia viridissima (Oleaceae), Eurycoma longifolia(Simaroubaceae), Rubia cordifolia and R. akane(Rubiaceae), Cissampelos pareira and Abuta concolor (Menispermaceae), Nardostachys chinensis (Valerianacese), Mansoa alliaceae (Bignoniaceae), Casearia sylvestris (Flacourtiacear), Maytenus ilicifolia (Celastraceae), Hedychium coronarium (Zingiberaceae), Croton palanostigma(Euphorbiaceae), Cocculus trilobus(Menispermaceae), Ginkgo biloba(Ginkgoaceae), Alpinia galanga and Cucculus zanthorrhiza(Zingiberaceae), Evodia rutaecarpa(Rutaceae), and Periploca sepium(Asclepiadaceae) showed significant activity and their active principles were clarified. In this paper, a few antitumor substances in above plants are introduced.