• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.737-749
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• 1999

Recently many researches on plaque removal effect and therapeutic effect of toothpaste containing natural medicines are being studied in early periodontal diseases. The purpose of this study is to examine the clinical and microbiological effect of toothpaste containing natural medicines such as camomile, rhatany, myrrh，sage oil, glycyrrhetinic acid and vitamin E. Sixty three subjects with gingivitis were divided into an experimental group which performed normal oral hygiene procedure with toothpaste containing natural medicines and vitamine E and a control group which also performed normal oral hygiene procedure with Syrinmed? toothpaste without containing herbal extracts and vitamine E. At the baseline, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks, subjects were analyzed for clinical study and microbiological study. After 2 weeks and 4 weeks use of their respective toothpastes, statistically significant decreases of gingival index, plaque index, and bleeding index were shown in both the control and the experimental group. The degree of decrease was more significant in the experimental group than the control group. A statistically significant decrease of pocket depth, and gingival crevicular fluid were shown in both the control and lie experimental group. A statistically significant increase of cocci was shown in both the control and the experimental group, the degree of increase was more significant in the experimental group than control group. A statistically significant decrease ofnon-motile rods, and motile rods were shown in both the control and the experimental group, the degree of decrease was more significant in the experimental group than the control group. Spirochetes increased weakly in both the control and the experimental group but a statistic significance was not shown. A statistically significant decrease of anaerobic bacteria, aerobic bacteria, and black pigmented Bacteroides were shown in both the control and the experimental group. These results indicate that the use of toothpaste containing natural medicines is effective in the prevention and the treatment of periodontal diseases.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.607-622
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• 2004

Recently epidemiologic studies have indicated that the patients with periodontitis may have increased risk of ischemic cardiovascular events, and have suggested the important roles of blood cytokines and acute reactant proteins in the systemic infection and inflammatory response. Periodontitis and coronary heart disease (CHD) may share the common risk factors and the genetic mechanism associated with interleukin(IL)-1A, B and RA genotype may be involved in the production of IL-1. This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between angiographically defined CHD and periodontitis as chronic Gram-negative bacterial infection and to determine whether the IL-1 gene polymorphism is associated in both diseases. Patients under the age of 60 who had undergone diagnostic coronary angiography were enrolled in this study. Subjects were classified as positive CHD (+CHD, n=37) with coronary artery stenosis more than 50% in at least one of major epicardial arteries, and negative CHD (-CHD, n=30) without significant stenosis. After recording the number of missing teeth, periodontal disease severity was measured by means of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and radiographic bone loss around all remaining teeth. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected from the 4 deepest periodontal pockets and assessed for cytokine ($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-1ra, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, and prostaglandin $E_2$). Additionally, blood CHD markers, lipid profile, and blood cytokines were analyzed. IL-1 gene cluster genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction and enzyme restriction using genomic DNA from buccal swab, and allele 2 frequencies of IL-1A(+4845), IL-1B(+3954), IL-B(-511), and IL-1RA(intron 2) were compared between groups. Even though there was no significant difference in the periodontal parameters between 2 groups, GCF level of $PGE_2$ was significantly higher in the +CHD group(p<0.05). Correlation analysis showed the positive relationship among PD, CAL and coronary artery stenosis(%) and blood $PGE_2$. There was also significant positive relationship between the periodontal parameters (PI, PD, CAL) and the blood CHD markers (leukocyte count, C-reactive protein, and lactic dehyrogenase). IL-1 gene genotyping showed that IL-1A(+3954) allele 2 frequency was significantly higher in the +CHD group compared with the -CHD group (15% vs. 3.3%, OR 5.118,p=0.043). These results suggested that periodontal inflammation is related to systemic blood cytokine and CHD markers, and contributes to cardiovascular disease via systemic inflammatory reaction. IL-1 gene polymorphism might have an influence on periodontal and coronary heart diseases in Korean patients.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 1999

Ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA) is a hydrophilic gall bladder acid and has been used as a effective drug for liver disease related to in1munity. This drug inhibits secretions of IL-2, IL-4, and $IFN-{\gamma}$ from T-cells and production of immunoglobulin from B-cells. Also it has been reported that UDCA inhibits production of IL-1 related to the progression of periodontal disease and activation of collagenases. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the effects of UDCA on inhibition of periodontal disease progression using clinical, microbiological and histometrical parameters. Twelve pure bred, 16 month-old-beagle dogs were used in the study. After ligature-induced periodontal diseases were formed, experimental drugs were applied twice a day and then the results of clinical, microbiological, and histometrical parameters were measured at baselie(initiation of experiment) , 4weeks and 8weeks. The gel with UDCA(concentration 0.5%, 5% 3 dogs in each) was applied to experimental group, chlorhexidine to positive control group(3dogs) and the gel without UDCA(base) to negative control group. After induction of general anesthesia, the maxillary 2nd, 3rd premolars and 1st molar and the mandibular 2nd, 3rd, 4th premolars and 1st molar were ligated in one side selected randomly and were not ligated in the opposite side. The plaque index(PI), gingival index(GI), pocket depth(PD) and gingival crevicular fluid(GCF) volum were measured clinically. The PI and GI were measured at 3 buccal points of all experimental teeth and the GCF was measured only at the 3rd premolar in the maxilla and the 4th premolar in the mandible. In the microbiological study, the samples extracted from the 3rd premolar of the maxilla and the 4th premolar of the mandible at the center of buccal surface were analyzed aerobics, anaerobics and Streptococcus colony forming units, After clinical and microbiological examination at 8weeks, the dogs were sacrificed by carotid artery perfusion. The samples were fixed and sectioned including interproximal area, and the distance from cementoenamel junction(CEJ) to alveolar crest was measured. The results were that PI, GI and PD increased until 4 weeks and decreased at 8 weeks in three groups but the differences between all the groups were not significant. The 0.5% UDCA in non-ligated group showed remarkable decrease of GCF. The experimental group applied 5% UDCA decreased the number of aerobics and anaerobics. The distance from CEJ to alveolar crest was greater in the negative control group on both ligated and non-ligated sides, but the differences were not significant stastically.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.91-102
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• 2007

The long term success of periodontal treatment is dependent upon the effectiveness of the main-tenance care program after active treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether nutraceutical containing PRF-K2 as natural product from plant and seaweed has beneficial effects on clinical parameters, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume and GCF cytokine levels during main- tenance phase after periodontal treatment. Among the generally healthy and non-smoking. moderate to severe chronic periodontitis patients during maintenance phase in Department of Periodontics, Chonnam National University Hospital, twenty eight patients took nutraceutical containing PRF-K2 (Oscotec Inc. Cheonan, Korea) for 3 months as experimental group and sixteen patients received only maintenance care as control group. Clinical examination and GCF collection were performed at baseline, 1, 2 and 3 months of experiment. Total amounts and concentrations of GCF IL-1{\beta}, IL-1ra and $PGE_2$ were evaluated using ELISA kit. In probing pocket depth, experimental group showed the tendency of more reduction than control group after 3 months of experiment. Sulcus bleeding index (SBI) and GCF volume were significantly decreased in experimental group(p<0.05), whereas they were increased in control group. GCF IL-1{\beta} level tended to decrease in both experimental and control group and IL-1ra concentration tended to increase in experimental group and to decrease in control group. IL-1ra/IL-1{\beta} ratio tended to increase in experimental group and to decrease in control group during experimental period. GCF $PGE_2$ amount did not show any change in experimental group and tended to increase in control group. These results suggest that nutraceutical supplement which contain PRF-K2 could improve perio-dontal condition during maintenance phase after periodontal therapy.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.91-97
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• 2011

본 연구는 대전 양치교실사업의 2년 6개월경과 시점에서 구강병 예방효과를 추구조사연구로 보고자 하였다. 조사대상은 2008년부터 2010년 5월 현재 양치교실이 설치되어 있는 대전 동구 D초등학교 5학년 학생 70명을 실험군으로 선정하였으며 대조군으로는 지리적, 경제적 상태, 학교 규모가 비슷할 것으로 예측되며 학교장의 협조를 얻을 수 있었던 대전 동구 S초등학교 5학년 학생 70명을 선정하였다. 조사방법은 구강검사로 치면세균막검사, 치아우식증검사를 양치교실 경과 6개월 시점, 18개월 시점, 30개월 시점에 실시하였으며, 30개월 시점에서는 치은지수검사, 치은열구액 수집을 추가하여 치은열구액 내 MMP-9 을 분석하였으며, 구강보건지식도 및 행위도를 분석하였다. 1. 치아우식증 관련지수에 있어서 2년 6개월 경과함에 따른 양치교실군과 대조군의 유의한 차이가 없었다. 2. 치면세균막지수는 양치교실군이 대조군에 비해 유의하게 낮았다. 3. 치주질환 관련지수인 치은지수, 치석지수는 양치교실군과 대조군의 유의한 차이가 없었다. 4. 치은열구액 내 MMP-9의 농도에 있어서 양치교실군이 대조군에 비해 낮았으나 유의한 차이가 없었다. 5. 구강보건지식에 있어서 양치교실군이 대조군에 비해 지식상태가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 6. 구강보건행위도, 1일 잇솔질 횟수, 교내 양치도구 준비에 있어서 양치교실군과 대조군의 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 양치교실사업에 있어 치면세균막제거의 효과는 검증할 수 있었으나 치아우식증예방, 치주질환예방 효과는 불분명하며 행위도나 양치도구 구비 여부를 보았을 때 현재 대전 D초의 양치교실사업이 효율적으로 운용되고 있지 않은 것으로 판단되기 때문에 양치교실사업의효과를 보기위해서는 양치교실 설치 뿐 아니라 적절한 운용프로그램과 운용에 대한 책임 소재, 학교측과 학부모의 관심이 있어야 할 것으로 사료되었다.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.503-513
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• 1986

치주질환의 처치에 있어서 tetracycline의 전신적 투여는 치은연하 세균의 제거 및 감소에 매우 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 전신적 투여시의 문제점 보완과 국소적 투여시 기할 수 있는 병소부위의 보다 높은 농도의 유지를 위하여 국소도포용 tetracycline gel을 제조하여 예비실험을 시행하였으며, 본 실험에서는 치주낭 깊이 $4{\sim}6mm$의 중등도 치주염 환자 13명에서 double-blind, split-mouth design으로 상악 또는 하악중 한악은 scaling 및 root planing을 시행하였고, 나머지 악은 그대로 두었으며, 좌측 또는 우측중 한측에는 예비실험결과 가장 효과가 있는 것으로 나타난 국소도포용 3% tetracycline gel을 치주낭내 깊숙히 주2회 2주간 투여하여, (1) tetracycline-scaled (2) tetracycline-unscaled (3) placebo-scaled (4) placebo-unscaled의 4군에서 0일, 14일, 49일에 임상적, 미생물학적 검사를 시행하여 각기 그 효과를 비교하였다. 또한 치주질환과 관련이 깊은, 그람 음성혐기성 세균, 특히 black-pigmented Bacteroides의 분포 변화를 관찰하기 위하여, 시험부위에서 치은연하 치태세균을 채취하여 pre-reduced Ringer액에 혐기성조건으로 보관 운반하여 $37^{\circ}C$혐기성 세균 배양기 내에서 혈액배지에 담아 7일간 배양하여 분리한 후, 생화학 검사를 통하여 Bacteroides균주를 검정하였으며, 이로써 tetracycline투여와 관련된 치주질환의 disease activity를 분석 검토하였다. 이상의 임상적, 미생물학적 검사결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 예비실험 결과 국소도포시 가장 효과가 있었던 3% tetracycline gel은 본 실험사용시 치주질환치료 및 치은연하 세균분포변화에 매우 효과가 있으며, 임상적으로 scaling, root planing과 병행시에 가장 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 2. Bacterial morphotype의 관찰결과 tetracycline투여군에서 coccal form의 증가와 spirochetes의 현저한 감소를 보였으며, non-motile rods와 motile rods의 비율에는 다소증감이 있었으나 의미있는 변화는 없었다. 3. Streptococcus균주간의 분포 비율은 tetracycline-scaled군에서 S. sanguis I은 14일에 현저히 증가하였고, 49일에는 다소 감소하였으며, S. mitis는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 4. Tetracycline-scaled군에서는 black-pigmented Bacteroides의 비율이 현저히 감소하였으며, tetracycline 투여만으로도 black-pigmented Bacteroides 비율은 감소되었다. 그러나 scaling만으로는 black-pigmented Bacteroides 비율에는 변화를 주지못했다. 5. Black-pigmented Bacteroides 균주간의 분포를 보면 실험 및 대조군 모두에서 B. loeschii가 가장 많이 나타났으며, 시간의 경과에 따라 거의 변화가 얼었다. 또한 tetracycline 투여군에서는 B. intermedius와 B. gingivalis가 감소하였고, B. melaninogenicus는 증가하였다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.274-282
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• 2000

소아의 유구치 수복에 흔히 사용하는 stainless steel crown은 주성분으로 $70\sim90%$의 니켈과 $5\sim15%$의 크롬을 함유하고 있다. 이 중 니켈 자체가 일으킬 수 있는 allergy반응이나 발암성등의 부작용이 성인에서는 활발하게 연구되고 있으며, 특히 니켈이 포함된 합금을 이용한 보철물 주변에 병원성이 있는 니켈내성 Enterococci가 존재한다는 보고가 있어 성인과는 구강환경이 다른 소아에서도 stainless steel crown 주변에 니켈내성균주가 존재하는지를 확인하고자 이 실험을 시행하였다. 유구치에 stainless steel crown(Anatom primary crown, Sankin)을 6개월 이상 장착한 환자 15명과 유구치 협면에 치아우식증이 없는 환자 15명의 치은열구액에서 채취한 시료를 BHI 한천배지, 니켈배지 및 Bile-esculin azide(BEA) 한천 배지에 도말하였다. BEA한천배지에서 자란 enterococci를 니켈내성정도를 확인하기위해 3, 5, 10, 30, 50mM 니켈배지에 접종한후 성장상태를 관찰하였다. 실험군에서는 BHI 한천배지에서 507,350개의 균주가 분리되었으며, 이 중 니켈내성세균(3mM)은 53,864 균주였다. 대조군에서는 BHI 한천배지에서 414,590 균주가, 니켈내성세균(3mM)은 37,523 균주가 분리되었다. BEA한천배지에서는 실험군의 경우 95개가 분리되었으며, 대조군에서는 20개의 균주만이 분리되었다. BHI 한천배지에서 분리된 총 균주 수를 100으로 놓았을 때 3mM 니켈배지에서 분리된 균주는 실험군에서는 10.62%, 대조군에서는 9.05%를 차지하여 두 군간에 뚜렷한 차이는 없었으며, 3mM 니켈배지에서 자란 총 균주 수와 BEA 한천배지에서 배양된 enterococci를 3mM 니켈배지로 옮겨 배양했을 때와 비교하면, 실험군에서 0.13%, 대조군에서 0.03%로 모두 1%이하의 분포를 차지하였다.