• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.30-41
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• 2010

Research was initiated to investigate germination characteristics and germination pattern of creeping bentgrass (CB, Agrostis palustris Huds.). Seven varieties of CB were evaluated in the study. An alternative condition for a CB germination test required by International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) was applied in the experiment, consisting of 8-hr light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 16-hr dark at $15^{\circ}C$ (ISTA conditions). Daily and cumulative germination patterns were measured and analyzed on a daily basis. Significant differences were observed in germination pattern, days to the first germination, days to 50% germination, days to 85% germination, and germination percentage. Germination rates were different among the treatments at the end of study. There were significantly considerable variations in early germination characteristics and germination pattern among CB varieties. The first germination in all entries was initiated between 4 and 5 DAS (days after seeding) under ISTA conditions. Generally, the first germination percentage was 5 to 25%. However, such Penn-series varieties as Penn A-1, Penn A-4 and Penncross were much more vigorous over others, resulting in 50 to 75% in the first germination percentage. It took 4 to 10 DAS in reaching to days to the 50% germination, being 5 days in difference among the varieties. Days to the 85% germination were 5.90 to 11.75 DAS under ISTA conditions, being 5.85 days in variety difference. It means 1 to 2 days after days to 50% germination. Penn A-1 was the fastest variety, while T-1 the slowest one. Considering days to the first germination, days to 85% germination, and germination pattern etc, Penn A-1, Penn A-4, Penncross and L-93 were regarded as excellent varieties under ISTA conditions. From this study, in-depth information on germination characteristics and pattern would be usefully applied for golf course design and construction, when established with CB.

• Mycobiology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.51-54
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• 2002

This paper deals with the study on comparative efficacy and in vitro activity of cow urine and cow dung for controlling root rot disease of cucumber caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae Snyder & Hansen following slide germination and mycelial growth inhibition tests. Results showed that both germination of conidia and the percentage inhibition of mycelial growth decreased or suppressed and varied greatly with respect to different hour and days of incubation and kind of bio-matters. In between two bio-matters cow urine was found more effective than that of cow dung in conidial germination. No germination of conidia was recorded after one hour of incubation in any medium whereas in cow urine germination of conidia was not also observed even after 2 hours of incubation. After 7 hours of incubation out of 200 conidia of F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae, 28 in cow urine and 64 in cow dung were germinated while in control a total germinated conidia was 185. In case of percentage inhibition of conidial germination the highest percentage(100%) was recorded in cow urine after 2 hours of incubation followed by 3 hours(96.0%), 4 hours(91.0%) and 6 hours(89.4%). During the test on inhibition of mycelial growth, the highest percentage(62.8%) was recorded in cow urine potato dextrose agar(CUPDA) medium tested after 4 days of incubation, followed by 3 days(60.5%), 5 days(56.5%) and 2 days(55.0%). In this test cow dung potato dextrose agar(CDPDA) had less efficacy in suppression of the percentage inhibition of mycelial growth.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.141-146
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• 2003

To improve the percentage of field germination of Zanthoxytum piperitum DC., storage in ground(control) and several chemicals as treatments was investigated. Germination percentage was 30.3 and 22.7% in GA$_3$(100 ppm) and NaCIO(10%), respectively compared with 17.3％ in storage in ground without treatments. Germination percentage reached maximum between 26 and 33 days after seeding and then increased slowly. Top/Root ratio was the highest at storage in ground after the treatment of GA$_3$ 100ppm.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.199-208
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• 2018

Quercus floribunda (Tilonj oak) is among the five species of Quercus and an evergreen tree found in Kumaun Himalayan region. Timing of germination is a crucial event determining the success of seedling establishment and survival. The aims of the study were to investigate the effect of sowing date on the germination and morphological responses of Tilonj oak (Quercus floribunda), cultivated during the month of August-September, with supplementary irrigation. The experiment was conducted by sowing seeds at two dates with one month interval in glass house conditions at DSB Campus, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. Present study revealed that higher germination percentage (46.67 %) was recorded at sowing time $S_2$ as compared to the sowing time $S_1$ (32.86 %). Germination percentage as well as seedling growth were affected by sowing date though the differences were insignificant. At both the sowing dates, highest germination percentage was recorded for large seeds (32.86-46.67 %) followed by medium (31.43-33.33 %) and lowest germination (6.67-7.14 %) was recorded for small size seeds. In all parameters assessed, sowing time $S_2$ had the best performance in combination with large seed size. Thus, September is suitable month for best germination, growth and seedling vigour and large seed size is recommended to silviculturists and tree planters. The information on seed germination and seedling growth is vital both for conservation and rehabilitation of degraded lands.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.263-270
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• 2014

Loranthus tanakae (Franch. & Sav.) is an endangered species of mistletoe, distributed in Korean peninsula. The objective of our research is to determine the effect of storage duration and conditions [air flow (AF) and air tight (AT)] at different temperatures for survivability and germination of mistletoe seeds, and also to monitor the effect of seed scarification on germination in vitro. The result revealed that the seeds stored in natural conditions (no stratification) showed highest survival rate of 100% and retained up to 93.3% even after two months of storage in natural conditions and showed higher germination percentage (90%) compare to after ripened seeds. However, the seed stored at $0^{\circ}C$ decreased the germination percentage (ranged from 63 to 73%). Therefore, it can be confirmed that mistletoe does not need after ripened treatment to promote germination. Our research also showed that the storage of L. tanaka seeds in freezing temperatures of $-20^{\circ}C$ and in room temperature for long time either in AT or AF conditions caused the loss of survival and germination rate. On the other hand, the chemical scarification (0.01N HCl incubation for 12 hrs. at $38^{\circ}C$) method was proven more effective to enhance germination percentage of L. tanakae. Regarding the temperature regime, $22^{\circ}C$ showed early germination of mistletoe seeds in vitro.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 2021

This study was carried out to establish optimal conditions for breaking dormancy of Agastache rugosa O. Kuntze seeds. A series of experiments according to seed maturity and treatment with plant growth regulators were performed to improve germination percentage and synchronize germination of the seeds. In addition, it was conducted to test whether the useful effect of seed treatment before sowing leads to healthy seedling and early vigorous growth. The average seed size was 1.85 mm (length) × 0.82 mm(width). The seed size was much smaller than other vegetable seeds. Seeds colorappeared dark brown, the shape of the seeds was oval and the weight of 1,000seeds was 352.8 mg. The optimum germination temperature was 22℃. Light exposure during germination did not affect germination promotion, suggesting that A. rugosa seeds are a kind of dark germinating seeds. Seed dormancy lasted for 40 days after harvesting, and GA3 treatment of dormant seeds could break dormancy. There were significant differences in germination percentage and rate according to the maturity of seeds. The germination percentage of mature seeds was 10 - 18% higher than that of immature seeds, and germination rate was 2 days faster. GA3 treatment during growth regulator treatment improved germinability, but BAP or ethephone treatment did not. The optimal growth regulator concentration of for germination was the combination treatment of 100 mM GA3 ＋ 100 mM BAP.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.365-370
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• 1995

This study was conducted to obtain the basic information on salinity tolerance in Italian Ryegrass. Seeds of 20 cultivars that contained diploid(9 cultivars) and tetraploid(l1 cultivars) types were exposed to eight levels of NaCl concentration ranging from 0 to 350 mM under three levels (15$^{\circ}C$, 2$0^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$) of temperature. There were highly significant differences in germination percentage among the levels of NaCl concentration, levels of temperature and cultivars, respectively. Average germination percentage of cultivars in control(no NaCl was higher at 2$0^{\circ}C$(90.1%) than that of $25^{\circ}C$(87.8%) or 15$^{\circ}C$(87.5%). Average germination percentage of cultivars began to decrease over 200mM of NaCl concentration. The degree of decrease in germination was higher at $25^{\circ}C$ than that of 15$^{\circ}C$ or 2$0^{\circ}C$. At 2$0^{\circ}C$, the germination percentage and gemination speed were gradually decreased as NaCl concentration increased. The average germination day was lengthened by the increase of NaCl concentration and temperature. The germination percentage in diploid types were higher than that of tetraploid types but the average germination day in diploid types was shortened more than that of tetraploid types, regardless of temperature and NaCl concentration.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2017

Germination characteristics, seedling emergence, and early seedling growth of iron-coated rice seeds, cultivars Daebo and Samdeokbyeo, under different water depths were compared with those of non-coated seeds (control) and the results evaluated to obtain basic information for establishing stable seedlings in direct water seeding. The total germination percentage of the two seed treatments was similar, but iron-coated seeds had slightly faster germination and shorter mean germination time than non-coated seeds. Water absorption rates of iron-coated seeds were lower than that of non-coated seeds during seed germination. The germination percentage of the two iron-coated rice seed cultivars showed a significant decline of 15-22% after one year of storage under natural conditions. The seedling emergence percentage and uniformity of the two rice cultivars were significantly higher in the iron-coated seeds at 1-13 cm water depths but the percentage of floating seedlings was lower in iron-coated seeds than in non-coated seeds. The iron-coated seeds had a high seedling emergence percentage of 91.3-93.3% at all flooding depths whereas the non-coated seeds had a significantly low seedling emergence percentage of 57.7-71.7% at a water depth of 13 cm. Moreover, the shoot dry weight and seedling health score of iron-coated seeds were significantly higher than those of non-coated seeds, while root dry weights were similar in iron-coated and non-coated seeds, regardless of water depth. These results suggest that iron-coated seeds are more appropriate for stable seedling establishment in direct water seeding than are non-coated seeds.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.367-378
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• 1994

The germination responses of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. seeds to temperature were examined under the various thermal conditions. While almost all the seeds tested did not germinate immediately after collection, almost of the seeds which were stored for 7, 10, and 17 months showed very high germination percentages (85-95%) at their own constant temperatures between $16^{\circ}C\;and\;40^{\circ}C$. The total thermal time which was required for germination(10-70%) of Echinochloa crus-galli seeds ranged from 539Kh(degree Kelvin X hour) to 1,279Kh in accordance with the distribution function of thermal time, $F({\Theta})=1-[3D^{-3}({\Theta}-m+D)+1]^{-1/2}$, where m is 935Kh and D is 555Kh. Moist chilling treatment at $2^{\circ}C$ for 20 days increased the final germination percentage as well as the germination rate. In the increasing temperature(IT1 regime, E. crus-galli seeds started to germinate at $12^{\circ}C$. and showed greater germination rate with increasing temperatures, with the final germination percentage of 80%. On the other hand, in the decreasing temperature(DT1 regime, the seeds began to germinate at $12^{\circ}C$(10% germination) with the final germination percentage of 20%. An induced dormancy occurred at $4^{\circ}C$ in the DT regime.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 1990

Toxic effert of water extract from leaves of Pinus rigida and some phenolic compounds on the seeds germination of Raphanus sativus var. hortensis for. acanthiformis Makino has been studied. There was little difference of germination percentage among the pH value of leaf extract (pH3~9). The germination percentage drastically with increased concentration level of leaf extract at about 60 percent. Seeds gemination of Raphanus sativus var. hortensis for. acanthiformis Makino inhibited severely by caffeic acid, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid at M, but the germination percentage was higher than that of the control group in vanillic acid. In electrophoresis, there was no differences at earlier seedling stage of protein band between allelochemical treated and non-treated group, but in late stage, two protein band near 58kd and 27kd did not appeared in the toxic affected group. In case of caffeic acid treatment, two protein band near 58kd and 27kd did not found at late stage too.