• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.47-56
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• 2014

Recently, the velocity of sea-level rising has increased due to the global warming and the natural disasters have been occurred many times. Therefore, there are various demands for the integration of vertical reference datums for the ocean and land areas in order to develop a coastal area and prevent a natural disaster. Currently, the vertical datum for the ocean area refers to Local Mean Sea Level(LMSL) and the vertical datum for the land area is based on Incheon Mean Sea Level(IMSL). This study uses 31 points of Tidal Gauge Bench Mark (TGBM) in order to compares and analyzes the geometric heights referring LMSL, IMSL, and the nationally determined geoid surface. 11 points of comparable data are biased more than 10 cm when the geometric heights are compared. It seems to be caused by the inflow of river, the relocation of Tidal Gauge Station, and the topographic change by harbor construction. Also, this study analyze the inclination of sea surface which is the difference between IMSL and LMSL, and it shows the inclination of sea surface increases from the western to southern, and eastern seas. In this study, it is shown that TGBM can be used to integrate vertical datums for the ocean and land areas. In order to integrate the vertical datums, there need more surveying data connecting the ocean to the land area, also cooperation between Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration and National Geographic Information Institute. It is expected that the integrated vertical datum can be applied to the development of coastal area and the preventative of natural disaster.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.21-36
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• 1983

It is assumed that menarche is affected not only by the biological factors such as nutrition and genetic heritage, but also it is affected by other socio-cultural environmental factors including weather, geographic location, education and level of modernization. Also recent trend of menarche in Korea indicates that a lot of discussion are being generated to the need of sex education as a part of formal school education. The purpose of this study is to develop the school health education program by determine the age of menarche, the factors relavant to time of menarche and psycho-mental state of students at the time in menarche and investigate the present state of school health education relate to menarche of adolescents. The total number of 732 girls was drown from first, second and third grades of 4 middle schools in Seoul. For the data collection the survey was conducted during the period from May 1 to May 20, 1982 by using prepared questionair. The major results are summarized as follow; 1. Mean age at menarche and the percent distribution of menarche experienced. It was observed that about 68.7% of sampled students have been experienced menarche at the time interviewed. For the each group, age at menarche is revealed that among the students about 37.8% are experienced menarche for under 12 years old group, 62.1% for 13 year-old group, 80.6％ for 14 year-old group and 95.5% for over 15 years old. In sum it was found that the mean age at menarche was 12.3 years old, ranged from age at 10 as earlist the age at 15 as latest. 2. Variables associated with age at menarche. 1) There was tendency those student who belong to upper class economic status have had menarche earlier than those student who belong to lower class. Therefore, economic status is closely related to age at menarche. 2) In time of mother's education level, it is also found that those students whose mother's education levels from high school and college are experienced menarche earlier than those students whose mother's education levels from primary school and no-education. 3) However, in connection with home discipline, there was no significant relationship between age at menarche and home disciplines which are being treated "Rigid", "Moderated ", "Indifferent". 4) Degree of communication between parents and daughter about sex matters was found to be associated each others in determination of age at menarche. 5) It was found that high association between mother's menarche age and their daughter's menarche age was observed. Mother's age at menarche earlier trend to be shown also as earlier of their daughters. 6) Those students belong to "D & E" of physical substantiality index are trend to be earlier in menarche than those students in the index "A & B". 3. Psycho-mental state at the time of menarche. Out of the total students 68.2% had at least one or more than one of subjective symptoms. Shyness was shown as most higher prevalent symptom and others are fear, emotional instability, unpleasant feeling, depression, radical behavior, inferior complex and satisfaction appeared. Very few cases are appeared be guilty and stealing feeling. 4. The present status of school health education program related to menarche. As to the source of information about menarche, teacher was a main source with average index 5.88 and the other informants were mother & family member, friends, books and magagines, movies, television, and radio. For the problem solving at menarche, mother & family members were subject to discussion with an average index 6.02 as high. The others for discuss and knowledge about menarche were books, magagine, friends, teachers, and self-learning based on own experienced. The time of learning about menarche, it was learned as highest percentage with 43.2% at a 6 grades of primary school, middle school with 34.4%, 5 grade of primary school with 18.2%, and 4 grade of primary school with 4.0% respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.420-437
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• 1994

The starting point of the research is the relation between capital restructuring and urban restructuring. The economic restructuring, which has been caused by the economic crisis in the early 1970s in the United States has brought a spatial restructuring at different geographic scales. The degree of the success of urban restructuring is contingent to the local economic and political environments. The local contingent factor such as local politics should not be neglected for investigating the restructuring process. Through the case study of Chicago, the research provides two inconsistencies in applying the structural approach to the local level: first, the lack of the theoretical link between crisis and restructuring; and second, the crucial importance of local politics in shaping urban development.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.699-715
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• 1996

This paper examines the cross-sectional development of children's conception of place. Previous research by Piaget and Weil, Jahoda, Daggs has questioned how young children develop the ablity to comprehend place. Oral interview and graphic test were made vy the children at the age of 5-14, in order to attain information on their knowledge, understanding and feeling about place. These data were used ti indentify developmental stages through cluster analysis. The results suggest that young children's conception of place develops with an identifiable 4 stages. There is no significant difference in development of conception of place between the 2nd year of kindergarten and the 1st year of elementary school, or the between the 5th, 6th year of elementary school and 1st, 2nd year of middle school. Rather, the 4th year of elementary school is an important and crucial truning point in the development of children's conception of place. It is concluded that children's conception of place develops in line with Piaget's general cognitive developmental theory in which the pre-conceptual stage ends at age 7 and the concrete-operation stage starts at age 11 to 12.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.313-322
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the awareness of dental hygienists in different regions about credit bank system and their needs for that. The subjects in this study were 312 dental hygienists in dental hospitals and clinics in Seoul, Gyeonggi province, metropolitan cities, Gangweon province and Gyeongsang province. After a survey was conducted in 2008, the collected data were analyzed with SPSS 11.5 program. The findings of the study were as follows: 1. In regard to perception of the credit bank system, 68.3 percent of the dental hygienists were cognizant of that. The dental hygienists from most of the geographic areas were aware of it, but all the forty three dental hygienists from Gangweon province who accounted for 13.8 percent didn't know about that. As for media by which they acquired information on that, many of the dental hygienists learned about it from their acquaintances (46.2%), but that was not the case for the dental hygienists from Seoul and Gyeonggi province. 2. As for expectations for the credit bank system, those from Gyeongsang province had the greatest expectations for that in six out of nine items, which included academic or job performance improvement, acquisition of credits, degree or certificates and access to new technology. 3. Concerning educational spending on the credit bank system, 18.9 percent and 8.7 percent from Seoul/Gyeonggi province and Gangweon province spent less than 30 thousand won, and 19.9 percent from the metropolitan cities spent 30 thousand to less than 50 thousand won. 4. As for the importance of the categories of their major in the credit bank system, those from Gangweon province attached the most importance to oral health education ($3.56{\pm}1.259$), and the dental hygienists from the metropolitan cities put the most stress on preventive treatment ($3.64{\pm}1.191$).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.173-184
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• 2016

Knowledge of the relationships among interspecific competition, spatial distributions and ecological niches plays an important role in understanding biogeographical distribution patterns of species. In this study, the distributional characteristics and ecological niches of the three Viperidae species (Gloydius ussuriensis, G. brevicaudus, and G. saxatilis) in South Korea were determined based on observation data and species distribution model. The effects of interspecific competition on geographical distribution and the division of the ecological niches of the vipers were also examined based on the models of predicted species distribution. The results showed that altitude was the most important environmental variable for their distribution, and the altitudes at which these snakes were distributed correlated with the climate of that region. Although interspecific ecological niches are quite overlapped, their predicted distribution patternsvary by the Taebaek Mountains. When overlaying the distribution models, most of the overlapping habitats were forest areas, which were relatively less overlapped than were the entire research areas. Thus, a parapatric distribution pattern was expected. The abundance of species occurring sympatrically was positively correlated with each other, indicating the lack of serious interspecies competition in this region. In conclusion, although the three Viperidae species in South Korea occupy similar ecological niches, these snakes exhibit parapatric distribution patterns without direct competition. Further research on various geographic variables (e.g., altitude, microhabitat characteristics) using relatively fine grid sizes, as well as further detailed ecological and behavioral research, is needed to determine the causative factors for the parapatric distribution pattern.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.336-344
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• 2010

To assess population structure and genetic diversity among the Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), we investigated mtDNA COI gene sequences of 7 populations. Samples were obtained from Sokcho, Wolsung, Geojedo, Yeosu, Geomundo and Westsouth in 2008 and 2009 (n=28). The sequence analysis of 28 individual samples showed 8 haplotypes, ranging in sequence divergence by pairwise comparisons from 0.2 to 2.2% (1 bp-11 bp). The Gal haplotype was found in Wolsung, Geojedo, Yeosu, Geomundo and Westsouth, and was regarded as the main haplotype of Korean Pacific cod. Ga2, Ga3, Ga6 and Ga7 haplotypes were found only in Sokcho. In the PHYLIP analysis, 8 haplotypes formed two independent groups: cladeA consisted of Ga2, Ga3, Ga6 and Ga7 haplotypes, whereas cladeB contained Gal, Ga4, Ga5 and Ga8 haplotypes. The genetic relationship between the two groups was weakly supported by bootstrap analysis(<50%). In pairwise comparisons between 6 populations other than that from Sokcho, a very high per generation migration ratio ($N_m$=infinite) and a very low level of geographic distance ($F_{sr}=-0.0123-(-0.0423)$) were observed. The estimates of genetic distance between Sokcho and the other localities were all statistically significant (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001), indicating a limited mtDNA-based gene flow between Sokcho and other regions. The finding of the lowest genetic diversity in the Sokcho population (nucleotide diversity=0.00589) may be a result of relatively small population size and interrupted gene flow to other localities. Consequently, the overall considerable migration of Pacific cod population in Korea caused a genetically homogeneous structure to form, although a distinct population was found in this study.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.8 no.1 s.15
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• pp.51-63
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• 2000

Dynamic traffic assignment(DTA) has been a topic of substantial research during the past decade. While DTA is gradually maturing, many aspects of DTA still need improvement, especially regarding its formulation and solution algerian Recently, with its promise for In(Intelligent Transportation System) and GIS(Geographic Information System) applications, DTA have received increasing attention. This potential also implies higher requirement for DTA modeling, especially regarding its solution efficiency for real-time implementation. But DTA have many mathematical difficulties in searching process due to the complexity of spatial and temporal variables. Although many solution algorithms have been studied, conventional methods cannot iud the solution in case that objective function or constraints is not convex. In this paper, the genetic algorithm to find the solution of DTA is applied and the Merchant-Nemhauser model is used as DTA model because it has a nonconvex constraint set. To handle the nonconvex constraint set the GENOCOP III system which is a kind of the genetic algorithm is used in this study. Results for the sample network have been compared with the results of conventional method.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.90-100
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• 2012

This study centering on 10 village - Bangjuks analyzed multifunctionality value of village Bangjuks which have been main water treatment system in Korean traditional villages. On the basis of understanding the structure and character of components such as the well, common spring, village waterway and others which making water-flow and consisting of aquatic system in Korean traditional village Bangjuk, the conclusion as the instrumental device of social and ecological role and ecological watershed management, securing the ecosystem soundness of the damaged or deteriated aquatic ecosystem due to the industrialization and urbanization is as below; 1. The traditional village Bangjuk was environmentally friendly hydraulic system which gathers waterways of village into a point including sewage water, retains and flows out to village through agricultural waterway. Through this Bangjuk, they have managed sewage and rainfall runoff flowed out village efficiently. It is not only a detention system of water but a kind of eco-friendly system that flow out water into the rivers after reusing and filtering it. 2. Around five traditional villages and five villages after modernization, this study classified the types of village Bangjuk as three types considering geographic location, size, etc; marsh type of low swamp, high water -low rice field type of natural flow stucture, low water - high rice field type requiring artificial irrigation facility. All the five traditional villages were turned out to be marsh type of low swamp. Geoji, Sanjeri, Ma-am, Yangchon of the agricultural villages were high water-low rice filed type, and Sangchoenri village was classified low water-high rice field type. 3. This study checked up the function of water purification of village Bangjuk. In Wonteo and Geji villages affected by discharge of village sewer and domestic sewage, the efficiency of ammonia nitrogen($NH_3-N$) and total phosphorus(T-P) was 56~95%, which was high. In Sangcheonri and Sanjeri villages strongly affected by stall and farmland, the efficiency of suspended solids(SS) was 70~85%, and that of total nitrogen(T-N) and total phosphorus(T-P) was 5.3~65%. 4. A water purification system can be found out in the system of village Bangjuk that filter out village sewage and rainfall runoff flowed through the settle and filter of pollution source and denitrification of plants. Through this system of village Bangjuk, it must be used as the basic facilities for the ecological watershed management. The sewage management system of village Bangjuk as a eco-filter must be used and studied as an eco-friendly facility for the ecological watershed management around the subwatershed and catchment.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.133-152
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• 1998

This article considers the experimental foundations of geographical phenomena for the distribution of lodging houses and the development of lodging Information Systems in Shin-Chon Area. This system allows the rural students to find their lodging houses conveniently. We examine the geographical reality of lodging houses in Shin-chon area and explores the lodging information system, reflecting how students select the lodging houses. Criteria for selection of lodging houses are travel time to school, interior facilities, rent fee, members, owners of lodging houses, which are collected by field swvey. The lodging information system is built in integration of Visual Basic with spatial data which are created in Mapinfo and Arcview through MapObject, component GIS software. This system provide query tools to efficiently investigate data as well as interactive map display. Also it displays the characteristics of a selected lodging houses using the identify tool on the map.