• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.818-826
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• 2013

To reduce the production cost of Lactobacillus, discarded red ginseng starch was collected from a factory of red ginseng extract in order to develop the Lactobacillus culture medium. According to the analysis of the gensenoside composition of red ginseng starch, the total gensenoside content of starch was 2.73 mg/g, and the gensenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$ and $Rg_3$ contents were 0.1, 0.29 and 0.52 mg/g, respectively. For the preparation of the liquid media, red ginseng starch was added at rates of 0, 5, 10 and 20%. Further, Lactobacillus plantarum 15357 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides sub sp. strains were then inoculated to these prepared broths. With the red ginseng starch medium, the growth rates ($1.42{\times}10^7$ and $2.96{\times}10^{10}$ CFU/mL) and the final cell concentrations were higher than the MM medium ($1.0{\times}10^7$ CFU/mL). The optimal concentration of red ginseng starch and yeast extract as a medium were 20% and 10 g/L, respectively. Under these conditions, the cell mass of L. plantarum 15357 and L. mesenteroides sub sp. reached $5.11{\times}10^{10}$ and $8.17{\times}10^{10}$ CFU/mL. These results show a great possibility for the utilization of red ginseng starch as economic medium sources in the production of cell mass of lactic acid bacteria. This is the first trial of development of economic LAB growth medium using discarded red ginseng starch.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.247-252
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• 2016

산양삼은 식품 또는 약초로써 많이 사용되고 있다. 이번 연구의 목표는 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) - charged aerosol detection (CAD)에 의해 산양삼의 추출물에 사포닌들의 분석을 최적화 하는 것이다. CAD는 물리적인 특성은 물론이고 입자크기, 스펙트럼 특성과는 무관하게 비휘발성 물질도 분석할 수 있다. 산양삼 추출물 중 Gensenoside Rb1, Rd, Rg1, Rf, Re 및 Rh1을 분석하였다. HPLC-CAD분석을 위한 사포닌 추출물은 건조 산양삼 10 g에 95% 에탄올 100 ml을 넣어 80℃에서 24시간 동안 추출하여 사포닌을 얻었다. 6개의 주요한 사포닌을 정량화하였을 경우 값은 다음과 같다. 사포닌들의 함량은 Rb1 (5.48±0.12 mg/g), Rd (5.33±0.14 mg/g), Rg1 (12.80±0.05 mg/g), Rf (19.08±0.68 mg/g), Re (19.87± 0.05 mg/g), 및 Rh1 (16.47±0.16 mg/g)로 확인하였다. 대체적으로 산양삼 추출물의 사포닌은 protopanaxatriol (Rg1, Rf, Re, Rh1)의 값이 protopanaxadiol (Rb1, Rd)보다 높게 확인 되었다. 이번 연구에서는 산양삼 사포닌의 분석조건을 HPLC-CAD를 이용하여 최적화하였고 제품화를 위해 약리활성에 관한 연구도 매우 중요할 것이다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.30-38
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• 2013

Objectives: Modified regular ginseng extract (MRGX) has stronger anti-cancer activity-possessing gensenoside profiles. Methods: To investigate changes in gene expression in the MRGX-treated lung cancer cells (A549), we examined genomic data with cDNA microarray results. After completing the gene-ontology-based analysis, we grouped the genes into up-and down-regulated profiles and into ontology-related regulated genes and proteins through their interaction network. Results: One hundred nine proteins that were up- and down-regulated by MRGX were queried by using IPA. IL8, MMP7 and PLAUR and were found to play a major role in the anti-cancer activity in MRGX-treated lung cancer cells. These results were validated using a Western blot analysis and a semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Conclusions: Most MRGX-responsive genes are up-regulated transiently in A549 cells, but down-regulated in a sustained manner in lung cancer cells.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.1021-1027
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• 2004

Panax ginseng has been used as a typical tonic medicine in Asian countries, such as Korea, China, and Japan. It has been reported that ginsenoside Rg1 in Panax ginseng increases the proportion of T helper cells in the whole T cells and promotes IL-2 gene expression in murine splenocytes. These studies imply that ginsenoside Rg1 increases the immune activity of CD4+ T cell, however the exact mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 on helper T cell remains to be verified. The present study tried to elucidate the direct effect of Rg1 on helper T cell s activities and its Th1/Th2 lineage development. The results demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg1 had not mitogenic effects on the unstimulated CD4+ T cell, but augmented CD4+ T cell proliferation upon activating with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies in a dose dependent manner. Rg1 also enhanced the expression of cell surface protein CD69 on CD4+ T cell. In Th0 condition, ginsenoside Rg1 increases the expression of IL-2 mRNA, and enhances the expression of IL-4 mRNA on CD4+ T cells, suggesting Rg1 prefer to induce Th2 lineage development. In addition, ginsenoside Rg1 increases IL-4 secreting CD4+ T cell under Th2 skewed condition, while decreases IFN-γ secreting cell in Th1 polarizing condition. Thus, Rg1 enhances Th2 lineage development from naive CD4+ T cell both by increasing Th2 specific cytokine secretion and by repressing Th1 specific cytokine production. Therefore, these results suggest that ginsenoside Rg1 might be desirable agent for enhancing CD4+ T cell's activity, as well as the correction of Th1 dominant pathological disorders.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.1099-1104
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• 2014

Aims and Background: Ginsenoside Rh2, which exerts the potent anticancer action both in vitro and in vivo, is one of the most well characterized ginsenosides extracted from ginseng. Although its effects on cancer are significant, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we sought to elucidate possible links between ginsenoside Rh2 and phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor (PGI/AMF). Methods: $KG1{\alpha}$, a leukemia cell line highly expressing PGI/AMF was assessed by western blot analysis and reverse transcription- PCR (RT-PCR) assay after transfection of a small interfering (si)-RNA to silence PGI/AMF. The effect of PGI/AMF on proliferation was measured by typan blue assay and antibody array. A cell counting kit (CCK)-8 and flow cytometry (FCM) were adopted to investigate the effects of Rh2 on PGI/AMF. The relationships between PGI/AMF and Rh2 associated with Akt, mTOR, Raptor, Rag were detected by western blot analysis. Results: KG1${\alpha}$ cells expressed PGI/AMF and its down-regulation significantly inhibited proliferation. The antibody array indicated that the probable mechanism was reduced expression of PARP, State1, SAPK/JNK and Erk1/2, while those of PRAS40 and p38 were up-regulated. Silencing of PGI/AMF enhanced the sensibility of $KG1{\alpha}$ to Rh2 by suppressing the expression of mTOR, Raptor and Akt. Conclusion: These results suggested that ginsenoside Rh2 suppressed the proliferation of $KG1{\alpha}$, the same as down-regulation of PGI/AMF. Down-regulation of PGI/AMF enhanced the pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rh2 on KG1${\alpha}$ by reducing Akt/mTOR signaling.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.1031-1037
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• 2007

홍삼 융합청국장을 다양한 식품소재로 활용하고자 가수 분해 조건에 따른 특성변화를 조사하였다. 그 결과 4종류의 protease에 따른 홍삼 융합청국장 가수분해물의 특성은 protease(KMF-G)가 가수분해도, 칼슘결합능, 총 페놀화합물 함량이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 혈전용해능과 ACE 저해활성 또한 87.10 unit, 67.17%로 가장 높게 나타났다. Protease(KMF－G) 농도에 따른 영향을 조사한 결과 0.02%에서 적합하였다. 홍삼 융합청국장의 가수분해시간에 따른 영향은 60분과 90분에서 가장 양호한 결과를 나타내었으나 유의적 차이가 나타나지 않았으며, 홍삼 융합청국장 가수분해물의 불쾌취와 쓴맛은 60분 이상에서 개선되었으므로 최적 가수분해시간은 60분으로 설정할 수 있었다. 홍삼 융합청국장의 총 진세노사이드 함량은 9.197 mg/g이고, 홍삼 융합청국장 가수분해물의 함량은 11.707 mg/g이었다. 이상의 결과 protease(KMF-G), 0.02%를 첨가하여 60분간 가수분해 하였을 때 이화학적 특성, 혈전용해능 및 ACE 저해활성이 향상된 홍삼 융합청국장 가수분해 조건을 설정할 수 있었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.778-784
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• 2004

인삼을 재배한 후 널리 이용되지 못하고 있는 잎, 줄기 등 인삼 부산물의 활용방안을 모색하고자 연구를 수행하였다. 이에 따라 인삼잎과 줄기를 혼합하여 추출한 추출물을 대상으로 일반 영양성분 함량, 무기질 함량, 아미노산 및 지방산 조성을 분석하고 세포독성에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 인삼잎, 줄기 혼합 추출물의 수분함량은 96.61%, 탄수화물 2.51%, 조회분 0.53%, 조지방 0.20% 및 조단백질이 0.15%이었다. 무기질 중 칼륨함량이 102.56 mg/100 g으로 가장 높았고 그 외 칼슘, 마그네슘, 나트륨, 인 및 철분, 망간, 아연, 구리도 함유되어 있었다. Glutamic acid와 aspartic acid 등 산성아미노산 함량이 높게 나타났고 필수아미노산이 모두 함유되어 있었다. 또한 불포화지방산 함량은 56.52%이었고 palmitic acid 함량이 39.99%로 가장 높았고, linoleic acid 14.96%, docosatetranoic acid 13.31%, linolenic acid 12.19%의 순이었다. 인삼의 총 ginenoside 함량은 0.82 mg/mL이 었고 PD/PT 함유 비율은 0.68이었다. 정상적인 간과 신장 세포의 생존율에는 negative effect를 나타내지 않았고 미토콘드리아와 라이소좀 수준에서 세포독성을 나타내지 않았다. 인삼잎, 줄기 혼합 추출물의 약리효능을 나타내는 gensenoside의 함량이 0.82 mg/mL로서 비교적 소량 함유되어 있으나 인삼 부산물의 활용차원에서 동물의 사료나 기능성 식품 재료로의 사용은 가능할 것으로 생각된다. 향후 동물실험 및 임상실험을 이용한 기능성 평가를 통해 확실하고 구체적인 활용방안의 모색이 요구되어진다.