• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.104-111
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• 2004

Sasang Constitutional Medicine is a major branch of Korean Traditional Oriental Medicine. The differences of disease susceptibility to be shown in Sasang constitution may be due to genetic factors. Therefore, we examined interrelationship among cerebral infarction (CI), apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene polymorphism, and Sasang constitutional classification. ApoE is a key protein modulating the highly atherogenic apoB containing lipoproteins and is a candidate gene for the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). The ${\varepsilon}2\;and/or\;{\varepsilon}4$ alleles were the first to be implicated in premature CAD, which resulted in this polymorphism being extensively studied. We investigated the association between apoE genotype and CI by case-control study in a Korean population. We also classified CI patients and control group into groups according to Sasang Constitutional Medicine. 196 CI patients and 379 controls without CI were examined. ApoE genotype was determined by 8% polyacrylamide gel separation after DNA amplification. A significant difference in the apoE genotype distribution was observed in the CI patients compared with that in controls ($X^{2}$=14.920, df=4, P=0.005). Also, the frequency of Taeumin constitution in patients with CI was significantly higher than that in controls (58.0% vs. 36.9%; P<0.001). However, the Taeumin constitution did not enhance the relative risk for CI in the subjects with apoE ${\varepsilon}2\;and/or\;{\varepsilon}4$ alleles. No differences in the apoE genotypes frequencies were observed in the Taeumin compared with that in the other constitutions. In addition, we investigated whether the DD genotype of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene, a candidate gene for CI, was associated with CI, Taeumin constitution, and apoE polymorphism. As a result, the frequency of Taeumin constitution was significantly higher in CI patients with both apoE ${\varepsilon}3/{\varepsilon}4$ and ACE ID/DD genotypes than in the remaining Sasang constitutions (14.5% vs. 8.3% and 0%) ($X^{2}$=13.521, df=6, P=0.035). In summary, we concluded that the apoE polymorphism is a major risk factor for CI in Koreans and the ACE ID/DD genotype enhanced the relative risk for CI in the subjects with apoE ${\varepsilon}3/{\varepsilon}4$ genotype and Taeumin constitution.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제83권4호
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• pp.289-294
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• 2020

Background: Line probe assay (LPA) is standard diagnostic tool to detect multidrug resistant tuberculosis. Non-interpretable (NI) results in LPA (complete missing or light wild-type 3 and 8 bands with no mutation band in rpoB gene region) poses a diagnostic challenge. Methods: Sputum samples obtained between October 2016 and July 2017 at the Intermediate Reference Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, New Delhi, India were screened. Smear-positive and smear-negative culture-positive specimens were subjected to LPA Genotype MTBDRplus Ver 2.0. Smear-negative with culture-negative and culture contamination were excluded. LPA NI samples were subjected to phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (pDST) using MGIT-960 and sequencing. Results: A total of 1,614 sputum specimens were screened and 1,340 were included for the study (smear-positive [n=1,188] and smear-negative culture-positive [n=152]). LPA demonstrated 1,306 (97.5%) valid results with TUB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) band, 24 (1.8%) NI, three (0.2%) valid results without TUB band, and seven (0.5%) invalid results. Among the NI results, 22 isolates (91.7%) were found to be rifampicin (RIF) resistant and two (8.3%) were RIF sensitive in the pDST. Sequencing revealed that rpoB mutations were noted in all 22 cases with RIF resistance, whereas the remaining two cases had wild-type strains. Of the 22 cases with rpoB mutations, the most frequent mutation was S531W (n=10, 45.5%), followed by S531F (n=6, 27.2%), L530P (n=2, 9.1%), A532V (n=2, 9.1%), and L533P (n=2, 9.1%). Conclusion: The present study showed that the results of the Genotype MTBDRplus assay were NI in a small proportion of isolates. pDST and rpoB sequencing were useful in elucidating the cause and clinical meaning of the NI results.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제62권1호
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• pp.24-31
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• 2017

We screened the drought tolerant maize using seventeen maize genotypes from different sources, nine inbred genotypes from United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (B73, CML103, CML228, CML277, CML322, CML69, Ki3, Ki11, and NC350), three Southeast Asian genotypes (DK9955, LVN-4, and 333), and five Korean hybrids (Cheongdaok, Gangdaok, Ilmichal, Kwangpyeongok, and Pyeonganok). We evaluated anthesis-silking interval (ASI), leaf senescence (LS), ears per plant (EPP), tassel length (TL), and fresh weight (FW) at silking date. According to ASI and LS examination, CML103 and Kill were drought tolerant genotypes, wheareas Ki3 and 333 were drought susceptible. EPP, TL, and FW differed according to drought resistance. Grain yield was correlated strongly with ASI, but moderately with LS. Difference in ASI between drought-stressed (DS) and well-watered (WW) conditions was less than three days in CML228, CML103, Cheongdaok, NC350, B73, Ki11, CML322, and Kwangpyeongok, whereas that of Ki3, Pyeonganok, and Gangdaok was more than 6.5 days. We concluded that CML228, CML103, Cheongdaok, NC350, B73, Ki11, CML322, and Kwangpyeongok are drought tolerant genotypes, whereas Ki3, Pyeonganok, and Gangdaok are drought susceptible.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.559-568
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• 2007

최근 들어 유전자 또는 DNA 분절의 반복수 변이 (CNV)에 관한 연구가 다수 수행되었으며, 그 분석 방법 및 기기 또한 다양하게 발달되었다. 본 연구는 Landrace 품종의 KIT 유전자 CNV 탐지를 위하여 다른 분석 방법들에 비하여 정확도가 높은 정량적 OLA 기법(qOLA)을 이용하였다. qOLA와 pyrosequencing assay의 조합하여 분석한 결과를 Landrace 44두에 대한 좌표 분석을 한 결과 I1/I1 또는 I3/i(IBe), I1/I2 또는 I3/IP, I1/I3, I1/IP 또는 I2/i(IBe), I2/I2, I2/IP의 6 genotype으로 분류되었으며, PROC FASTCLUS procedure을 이용한 통계 분석과 좌표 분석을 상호 비교한 결과 genotype의 분류가 100% 일치하였다. 기기간의 차이점을 조사하기 위해 qOLA_3100과 qOLA _3130의 관측치 비교를 실시한 결과 동일한 genotype 분류결과를 얻었다. 또한 정밀성 및 정확도 비교에서 qOLA_3100의 경우 표준편차와 변이계수의 평균이 2.33과 4.10로 qOLA_3130(2.67과 4.81)에 비하여 낮게 나타났다. qOLA 반응전 PCR 산물에 대하여 proteinase K 처리효과를 분석한 결과 pro- teinase K를 처리한 경우 전기영동 분석시 noise peak들이 제거되었으며 각 genotype의 이론적 비율에 보다 정확히 일치하였다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.31-35
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• 2001

Ten newly evolved bivoltine hybrids of silkworm (Bombyx mori L) were evaluated with control hybrid KA${\pm}$NB4D2 during three seasons of a year for their seasonal performance. Analysis of variance and other statistical methods were employed and the performance was observed in respect of 10 quantitative traits. The results showed significant genotype${\pm}$environment interaction with respect to four quantitative characters viz. fecundity, yield/10,000 larvae, filament length and raw silk (%). Environmental effects were significant for nine characters out of ten characters evaluated. A 105${\pm}$J2 and B${\pm}$NB4D2 were considered as highly adaptable hybrids to local conditions with high mean for maximum characters studied and found suitable to rear in all seasons.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.541-560
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• 1994

The present study was performed to evaluate the relationship between the serotype or the genotype of Actnobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A. a.) and the severity of periodontal disease. Total 64 A. a. clinical isolates were sampled from 46 sites of 20 subjects classified into the group I (1 periodontally healthy subject, 2 gingivitis patients, 5 ealry adult periodontitis patients), group II (3 moderatelly adult periodontitis patients) and group III (1 advanced adult periodontitis patient, 8 RPP patients). Southern bolt hybridization (fingerprinting) patterns of the five reference strains, A. a. strain ATCC 29523 (serotype a), ATCC 29522 (Serotype b), ATCC 43719 (serotype c), IDH 781 (serotype d) and IDH 1705 (serotype e), were used as the five basic genotypic patterns (A, B, C, D, E). NT type was designated as one which did dnot represent any of those five basic types. The serotypes were determined by ELISA technique with the serum samples from pre-immunized rabbit. Based on subject-based analysis, it was noted that genotypes A and C, NT, and B, D, E were significantly related to the disease groups I, II, and III, respectively. It was also noted that both the serotypes a and c were significantly related to the disease group I and II, while serotypes were significantly related bm), and serotypes b and nd were frequently found in sites with severe attachment loss (LA>6mm). The results indicated that the significant relationship can be delineated beteen the genotypes and the serotypes of Acinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and the periodontal disease severity. The results also indicated that genotyping can provide more detailed information on its relationship with the disease severity based on both the patient-based and the site-based analyses.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.1336-1344
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• 2017

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. With recent identification of HBV receptor, inhibition of virus entry has become a promising concept in the development of new antiviral drugs. To date, 10 HBV genotypes (A-J) have been defined. We previously generated two murine anti-preS1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), KR359 and KR127, that recognize amino acids (aa) 19-26 and 37-45, respectively, in the receptor binding site (aa 13-58, genotype C). Each mAb exhibited virus neutralizing activity in vitro, and a humanized version of KR127 effectively neutralized HBV infection in chimpanzees. In the present study, we constructed a humanized version (HzKR359-1) of KR359 whose antigen binding activity is 4.4-fold higher than that of KR359, as assessed by competitive ELISA, and produced recombinant preS1 antigens (aa 1-60) of different genotypes to investigate the binding capacities of HzKR359-1 and a humanized version (HzKR127-3.2) of KR127 to the 10 HBV genotypes. The results indicate that HzKR359-1 can bind to five genotypes (A, B, C, H, and J), and HzKR127-3.2 can also bind to five genotypes (A, C, D, G, and I). The combination of these two antibodies can bind to eight genotypes (A-D, G-J), and to genotype C additively. Considering that genotypes A-D are common, whereas genotypes E and F are occasionally represented in small patient population, the combination of these two antibodies might block the entry of most virus genotypes and thus broadly neutralize HBV infection.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.105-108
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• 2008

Although the Korean isolate KI-1 of Toxoplasma gondii has been considered to be a virulent type I lineage because of its virulent clinical manifestations, its genotype is unclear. In the present study, genotyping of the KI-1 was performed by multilocus PCR-RFLP and microsatellite sequencing. For 9 genetic markers (c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, SAG2, SAG3, GRA6, BTUB, and Apico), the KI-1 and RH strains exhibited typical PCR-RFLP patterns identical to the type I strains. DNA sequencing of tandem repeats in 5 microsatellite markers (B17, B18, TUB2, W35, and TgM-A) of the KI-1 also revealed patterns characteristic of the type I. These results provide strong genetic evidence that KI-1 is a type I lineage of T. gondii.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2015

Ailanthus altissima, which is recognized as an invasive tree in the Western world, has been widely observed in Japan. To investigate how A. altissima expanded within-population and to new populations within a region, 446 A. altissima trees were sampled from three separate sites (A, B, and C) including 35 distantly positioned patches, with three chloroplast DNA markers and nine nuclear microsatellite markers. We detected 2, 2, and 3 chloroplast haplotypes in sites A, B, and C, respectively. In addition, 271, 40, and 41 nuclear genotypes were detected in sites A, B, and C, respectively. The clonal richness value was 0.85, 0.78, and 0.53 in sites A, B, and C, respectively. Most trees with the same genotypes were distributed in the same patch, indicating that range expansion by asexual reproduction was limited to a maximum of 45 meters. According to autocorrelation analysis, the extent of nonrandom spatial genetic structure was approximately 0-2 km in sites A and C. KINGROUP analyses showed that 812, 74, and 111 nuclear genotype pairs were detected to have kinship in sites A, B, and C, respectively. Most nuclear genotype pairs were detected within the same patches or sites. These results indicate that the number of A. altissima trees gradually increased from seeds, some of which were produced by trees within sites, meaning that this species could regenerate naturally. This shows the need for the future management of A. altissima as an invasive species in Japan.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

Laboratory workers, in resource-poor countries, still consider PCR detection of Giardia lamblia more costly and more time-consuming than the classical parasitological techniques. Based on 2 published primers, an in-house one-round touchdown PCR-RFLP assay was developed. The assay was validated with an internal amplification control included in reactions. Performance of the assay was assessed with DNA samples of various purities, 91 control fecal samples with various parasite load, and 472 samples of unknown results. Two cysts per reaction were enough for PCR detection by the assay with exhibited specificity (Sp) and sensitivity (Se) of 100% and 93%, respectively. Taking a published small subunit rRNA reference PCR test results (6%; 29/472) as a nominated gold standard, G. lamblia was identified in 5.9% (28/472), 5.2%, (25/472), and 3.6% (17/472) by PCR assay, $RIDA^{(R)}$ Quick Giardia antigen detection test (R-Biopharm, Darmstadt, Germany), and iodine-stained smear microscopy, respectively. The percent agreements (kappa values) of 99.7% (0.745), 98.9% (0.900), and 97.7% (0.981) were exhibited between the assay results and that of the reference PCR, immunoassay, and microscopy, respectively. Restriction digestion of the 28 Giardia-positive samples revealed genotype A pattern in 12 and genotype B profile in 16 samples. The PCR assay with the described format and exhibited performance has a great potential to be adopted in basic clinical laboratories as a detection tool for G. lamblia especially in asymptomatic infections. This potential is increased more in particular situations where identification of the parasite genotype represents a major requirement as in epidemiological studies and infection outbreaks.