• 환경생물
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.212-217
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• 2010

각종 유전독성학적 물질로 인한 생물체내의 영향을 평가해보기 위해 E. fetida를 대상으로 본 연구를 수행하였다. 염화수은에 대한 DNA 손상을 알아보는 실험에서는 노출 시간에 상관없이 노출 농도에 비례한 유전자의 손상이 나타났다. 방사선이 지렁이의 DNA 손상에 미치는 영향을 알아본 실험에서도 역시 방사선 총 선량의 증가에 따라 DNA 손상이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 염화수은에 48시간 동안 노출시키고 방사선을 조사한 지렁이의 세포를 comet assay하면, 수은 단독 처리군이나 방사선 단독 처리군에 비해 DNA의 손상이 유의적으로 크게 나타났다. 염화수은과 방사선 모두에 복합처리 된 지렁이의 DNA 손상치는 각각 단독 처리한 지렁이의 DNA 손상치를 합한 값보다 크게 나타나 두 요인의 상승작용이 확인되었다. 본 연구를 통해 지렁이의 세포내에서 수은과 방사선이 야기하는 DNA 손상을 측정하고, 두 인자의 복합처리에 따른 유전독성 상승효과를 관찰할 수 있었다. 이는 중금속과 방사선의 복합적인 효과를 나타낸 기존의 여러 연구결과와도 비교가 가능한 연구라고 사료되며, 향후 이를 보완하고 더 정확한 평가를 위해 지렁이 세포 내에서의 스트레스 반응 측정이나 효소 활성 실험등을 추가로 수행하여야 할 것이라고 생각된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권10호
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• pp.1588-1593
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• 2014

본 연구는 방사선 조사식품에 대한 소비자들의 수용성을 증대하고, 감마선조사의 대체기술로 X-선 조사의 상용화를 확대할 목적으로 30 kGy X-선 조사식품 4종(닭고기, 전란분말, 건파, 후추)의 유전독성학적 안전성 평가를 실행하였다. Salmonella Typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535 및 TA1537에 대한 X-선 조사식품 4종의 복귀변이 집락 수를 조사한 결과, 대사 활성계 도입 및 부재 시 모두 시험 적용 농도인 $40{\sim}5,000{\mu}g/plate$의 범위에서 복귀변이 집락 수의 농도 의존적인 증가 혹은 감소를 보이지 않았다. 그리고 포유류 배양세포를 이용한 염색체 이상 시험에서도 X-선 조사식품 4종은 $625{\sim}5,000{\mu}g/mL$의 시험 적용 농도에서 염색체 이상 유발능이 5% 미만이어서 염색체 이상을 유발하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 설치류 망상적혈구를 이용하여 X-선 조사식품 4종의 소핵 형성 시험을 수행한 결과 시험 적용 농도인 250~2,000 mg/kg의 범위에서 소핵을 가진 망상적혈구의 출현율이 음성대조군과 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않아 소핵을 유발하지 않음을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 위해 분석 결과 30 kGy X-선 조사식품 4종(닭고기, 전란분말, 건파, 후추)은 본 시험조건에서 유전 독성이 없는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.6047-6053
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• 2012

Bracken fern [Pteridium aquilinem (L.) kuhn (Dennstaedtiaceae)] is one of the most common species on the planet. It has been consumed by humans and animals for centuries. Use by some human groups is because they believe bracken fern is good for health as plant medicine. However, it is also one of the few known plants that can cause tumors in farm animals. Many interested groups have focused their attention on bracken fern because of these interesting features. In order to evaluate the biological effects of exposure to this plant in cellular level, human cancer cell lines were treated with the fern dichloromethane extracts and the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects were studied. Anti-proliferative/cytotoxic effects were evaluated by cell count, MTT assay and flow cytometry methods with three different cancer cell lines, TCC, NTERA2, and MCF-7, and two normal cells, HDF1 and HFF3. Pro-apoptotic effects of the extracts were determined by DAPI staining and comet assay, on TCC cancer cells compared to the normal control cell lines. Cellular morphology was examined by light microscopy. Our present study showed that the extract caused DNA damage and apoptosis at high concentrations ($200{\mu}g/mL$) and also it may induce cell cycle arrest (G2/M phase) at mild concentrations (50 and $30{\mu}g/mL$) depending on the cell type and tumor origin. These results indicate that bracken fern extract is a potent source of anticancer compounds that could be utilized pharmaceutically.

• 셀메드
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.35.1-35.11
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• 2012

The homeopathic remedy Chelidonium majus 200C (Chel-200) is traditionally used by homeopathic practitioners in liver ailments arising out of hepatotoxicity. The present investigation was aimed at examining whether vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid or AA), used in both traditional and orthodox medicines, can show better effects when used in combination with Chel-200, in favorably modifying the toxicological effects induced by the chronic feeding of p-dimethylaminoazobenzene (p-DAB, initiator) and phenobarbital (PB, promoter) in mice for 7 days through 120 days to induce hepatotoxicity and liver tumors. Mice were euthanized at 7, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of carcinogen feeding to assess various cytogenetical, biochemical and histological changes occurring in them. In a placebo controlled study, Chel-200 or the respective placebo (Alcohol-200C or Alc, "vehicle" of homeopathic drug), was orally administered to toxicant-fed mice. Sub-groups of the mice receiving Chel-200 were also fed either AA or an Alc placebo and their individual and conjoint effects were studied against the respective controls, to evaluate if the combination therapy of Chel-200 with AA can be of additional help in the amelioration of the toxicities generated by the toxicants. The combined feeding of Chel-200 and AA appeared to reduce the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects significantly, when compared to either only the Chel-200 or AA fed group. A similar trend was also obtained in the results of scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies of the livers. Experiments in other mammalian models are warranted to confirm if these drugs in combination could be used in palliative care of human patients with liver diseases including cancer.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2009

Anti-mutagenic and anti-septic effects of $\beta$-1,3/1,6-glucan from Aureobasidium pullulans SM-2001 were evaluated on the on the cyclophosphamide (CPA)-cecal ligation puncture (CLP) and CPA-treated mice. To induce immunosuppression and mutagenicity, 150 and 110 mg/kg of CPA were single intraperitoneally injected at 3 or 1 day before CLP or initial $\beta$-glucan administration. In CLP animals, the cecum was mobilized and ligated below the ileocecal valve, punctured through both surfaces twice with a 22-gauge needle. 125 mg/kg of $\beta$-glucan were dissolved in saline and subcutaneously or orally administered in a volume of 10 ml/kg (of body weight), 4 times, 12 hrs intervals from 6 hrs after CLP or 1 day after second dose of CPA. After treatment of $\beta$-glucan, the mortalities were observed in CPA-CLP model, and the appearance of a micronucleus is used as an index for genotoxic potential in CPA model. As results of CPA-CLP sepsis, all animals (9/9, 100%) in CPA-CLP control were dead within 2 days after CLP. In addition, increase of the number of bone marrow MNPCEs indicated mutagenicity were also observed by treatment of CPA. However, $\beta$-glucan treatment effectively inhibited the mortalities in CPA-CLP, and it also reduced the CPA treatment-related mutagenicity, respectively. These results indicated that $\beta$-glucan has effective anti-septic and anti-mutagenic effects and can be used as an agents for treating sepsis and mutagenicity related to high-dose chemotherapy or radiotherapy. However, further studies should be conducted to observe more detail action mechanisms of it's anti-septic and anti-mutagenic effects.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.131-141
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• 2017

This study was carried out to perform genotoxicological safety evaluation of crude antifungal compounds produced by Bacillus subtilis SN7 (B. subtilis SN7) isolated from meju. Bacterial reverse mutation assay with Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 or Escherichia coli WP2uvrA in the presence and absence of the S9 metabolic activation system was carried out, and the crude antifungal compounds produced by B. subtilis SN7 showed no significant increase in the number of revertant colonies. In the chromosomal aberration tests using Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells, sample treatment groups showed no increase in the frequency of chromosome aberrations compared to the negative control group. Furthermore, in the micronucleus formation test, the crude antifungal compounds showed no significance increase in the frequency of polychromatic erythrocytes with micronuclei. These results suggest that the crude antifungal compounds produced by B. subtilis SN7 isolated from meju showed no harmful genotoxic effects.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.520-526
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• 2017

Carnosine was recently reported to protect against the DNA damage induced by oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of eel Anguilla japonica carnosine extracts prepared using different methods (heat treatment extracts, HTEs; ion exchange chromatography, IEC; ultrafiltration permeation, UFP) on leukocyte DNA damage using the comet assay. Human leukocytes were incubated with extracts of eel carnosine at concentrations (of 10, 50, $100{\mu}g/mL$), and then subjected to an oxidative stimulus [$200{\mu}M$ hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)]. Pretreatment of the cells for 30 min with carnosine significantly reduced the genotoxicity of $H_2O_2$ measured as DNA strand breaks. The protective effects of the three types of extract (HTE, IEC, and UFP) increased with concentration. At the highest concentration (100 g/mL). there were no statistical differences in oxidative damage between each extract treatment and PBS-treated negative controls. When leukocytes were incubated with carnosine for 30 min after exposure to $H_2O_2$. the protective ability of each extract changed. Therefore, eel carnosine inhibits the $H_2O_2$ induced damage to cellular DNA in human leukocytes, supporting the protective effect of this compound against oxidative damage.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.814-823
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• 2013

This study is carried out to evaluate the genotoxicity of herbs (Angelica decursiva, Polypori umbellate, Astragalus membranaceua, Paeonia iactiflora, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Cnidium officinale, Rehmannia glutinosa, Cyperus rotundus, Dioscorea batatas and Platycodi Radix) by using the Ames test. The Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay is being performed by using the Sal. typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535 and TA1537 as tester strains. Among 70% of ethanol extracts from 10 herbs, the number of revertant colonies is being increased in Astragalus membranaceua, Cnidium officinale and Dioscorea batatas in a dose-dependent manner, as compared with negative controls of the metabolic activation. In case of dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fraction from 70% of ethanol extracts, the number of revertant colonies is increased in Angelica decursiva, Astragalus membranaceua, Cnidium officinale, Rehmannia glutinosa and Dioscorea batatas in a dose-dependent manner, as compared with negative controls of metabolic activation. Such results indicate that Angelica decursiva, Astragalus membranaceua, Cnidium officinale, Rehmannia glutinosa and Dioscorea batatas all show genotoxic effects when being extracted with the solvent extractions such as 70% of ethanol, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate, and thus, they might be genotoxically- non-safe.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.249-255
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• 2013

Erythritol is a sugar alcohol that is widely used as a natural sugar substitute. Thus, the safety of its usage is very important. In the present study, short-term genotoxicity assays were conducted to evaluate the potential genotoxic effects of erythritol. According to the OECD test guidelines, the maximum test dose was 5,000 ${\mu}g$/plate in bacterial reverse mutation tests, 5,000 ${\mu}g/ml$ in cell-based assays, and 5,000 mg/kg for in vivo testing. An Ames test did not reveal any positive results. No clastogenicity was observed in a chromosomal aberration test with CHL cells or an in vitro micronucleus test with L5178Y $tk^{+/-}$ cells. Erythritol induced a marginal increase of DNA damage at two high doses by 24 hr of exposure in a comet assay using L5178Y $tk^{+/-}$ cells. Additionally, in vivo micronucleus tests clearly demonstrated that oral administration of erythritol did not induce micronuclei formation of the bone marrow cells of male ICR mice. Taken together, our results indicate that erythritol is not mutagenic to bacterial cells and does not cause chromosomal damage in mammalian cells either in vitro or in vivo.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.21-33
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• 2016

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is still used in certain areas of tropics and subtropics to control malaria and other insect-transmitted diseases. DDT and its metabolites have been extensively studied for their toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans and shown to have an endocrine disrupting potential affecting reproductive system although the effects may vary among animal species in correlation with exposure levels. Epidemiologic studies revealed either positive or negative associations between exposure to DDT and tumor development, but there has been no clear evidence that DDT causes cancer in humans. In experimental animals, tumor induction by DDT has been shown in the liver, lung, and adrenals. The mechanisms of hepatic tumor development by DDT have been studied in rats and mice. DDT is known as a non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogen and has been shown to induce microsomal enzymes through activation of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and to inhibit gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in the rodent liver. The results from our previously conducted 4-week and 2-year feeding studies of p,p'-DDT in F344 rats indicate that DDT may induce hepatocellular eosinophilic foci as a result of oxidative DNA damage and leads them to hepatic neoplasia in combination with its mitogenic activity and inhibitory effect on GJIC. Oxidative stress could be a key factor in hepatocarcinogenesis by DDT.