• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.227-231
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• 2004

A total of 219 polymerase chain reaction tests of genetically modified (GM) DNA sequences in soybean seeds and soybean sprouts were conducted during 2000-2001. No CM gene was found in 96 tests of soybean seeds. However, either a functional CP4EPSPS gene or the 355 promoter gene was found three times in 2000 and eight times in 2001, in between 0.01 and 0.17％ of soybean spout products, in 123 tests. Since the amount of GM genes was much less than the threshold limit of 3％, none of the 11 positive soybean-sprout samples needed to be libeled GM crops. Of these, seven sprout samples were from domestic seeds and four were from seeds imported from China. To find the contamination route, the raw materials, seed surface, floor of the storage room, area around the selection machine, surface of the packaging film and corn powder used in the package were tested. The 35S promoter gene was detected in only two samples of the corn powder (0.1％). Although we could not find the cause of the GM contamination, the sprout package film is one possibility. In total,8.9％ of the soybean sprout tests were GM positive, but the amounts were much less than the threshold of 3％. This means that there are frequent false-positives and these would threaten the sprout industry if GMO were decided qualitatively. Food companies should make their safety data available to the public and make an effort to address people's concerns about GM food more openly. In addition, there is a need to establish a quantitative test for GM genes in sampled water and a sampling method for raw materials.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.897-902
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different cooking methods on the carotenoid content in genetically modified(GM) provitamin A-biofortified rice. The proximate components (moisture, protein, lipid, and ash) of GM rice were similar to those of conventional non-GM rice. Provitamin A-biofortified rice was cooked in various ways, including boiling in water and steaming/roasting. Carotenoid composition was determined by HPLC. Total carotenoid contents of provitamin A-biofortified brown and milled rice were $122.79{\mu}g/100g$ and $125.44{\mu}g/100g$, respectively. Compared with raw unprocessed samples, boiling caused approximately 20% carotenoid loss. In contrast, seaming/roasting decreased carotenoid content by 78%.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.677-682
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• 2004

Debates on safety of genetically modified (GM) crops have led to mandatory-labeling legislation of GM foods in many countries including Korea. Effects of heat, pressure, and acid treatments on degradation of DNAs or proteins in GM soybean at levels below detection limits of qualitative PCR and lateral flow strip test (LFST) methods were examined. Results showed that genomic DNAs and proteins were degraded into fragment sizes no longer possible for detection of inserted gene depending on thermal, or thermal and pressure treatment period. Detectaability of LFST for toasted meal increased in weakly treated soybean. DNA and protein detection methods were barely effective for detection of GM ingredient after $121^{\circ}C$ and 1.5 atmospheric treatment for 20 min. These results will be useful in determining GM labeling requirements of processed foods.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.193-199
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• 2018

In this study, PAT protein of genetically modified maize was prepared from the recombinant E. coli strain BL21 (DE3), and mice were immunized with the recombinant PAT protein. After cell fusion and cloning, two hybridoma cells (PATmAb-7 and PATmAb-12) were chosen since the monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) produced by them were confirmed to be specific to PAT protein in the indirect enzyme-linked immunsorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot tests. There were no cross-reactions of either Mabs to other GM proteins or to the extracts of non-GM maize. The ELISA based on the PATmAb-7 can sensitively detect 0.3 ng/g PAT protein in corn. These results indicate that the developed Mabs can be used as bio-receptors in the development of immunosensors and biosensors for the rapid and simple detection of GM corn adulterated in foods.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1273-1278
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• 2009

This study aimed to evaluate the potential allergenicity of Cry proteins in insect-resistant genetically modified (GM) maizes (Bt11, MON810, and MON863) using serum screening tests. Serum samples were obtained from Korean children (0-15 years old) with allergic symptoms who had positive maize-specific IgE. The levels of serum specific IgE was measured by the Phadia ImmunoCAP system and considered as positive when they are 0.35 kU/L or higher. Cry proteins (Cry1Ab in Bt11, mCry1Ab in MON810, and Cry3Bb1 in MON863) were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified for serum screening. The reactivity of purified Cry proteins was confirmed by IgE immunoblots in 50 patients (maize-sensitized patients). There was no reaction between Cry proteins and sera from maize-sensitized patients. Our results suggest that these Cry proteins are not likely to cause allergic reactions. Further studies using more sera from patients with true clinical allergies are needed to evaluate the potential allergenicity of novel proteins in GM maize.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.301-308
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• 2009

Higher agricultural commodity prices are a particular concern for food importing countries like Korea that has a very low self-sufficiency ratio. Korean people eat approximately 4.5 million metric tons of rice each year, which is met without a problem by domestic production. The domestic production of corn and soybean which are important raw materials for commercial food processing and livestock feed is only minimal. Demands of corn and soybean in Korea are approximately 7.2 million and 1.3 million metric tons per year, respectively. Since Korean consumers are reluctant to accept biotech (GM) foods, Korean food processors are fighting an up-hill battle in purchasing non-biotech (non- GM) crops which are becoming scarce.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.605-608
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• 2006

Genetically modified (GM) ingredients found in imported raw materials and processed foods were monitored in the province Gyeongin in Korea. The analysis was performed according to "Testing methods for genetically modified foods of food standards and specifications" established in Korea. We received 120 items from the Gyeongin Regional KFDA. Only two of the 120 items analyzed in the samples, were contaminated with GM ingredients. However, we could not analyze the internal standard gene from 12 processed foods. We found that the extracted total DNA of the above 12 samples were extracted and found to be degraded. The total DNA contained a very small fragment of less than 300 base pair. Therefore, it seems that the total DNA is not large enough to serve as the template DNA for PCR analysis.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2009

최근 유전자 변형 기술에 의해 제조된 식품에 대한 소비자들의 관심과 주의가 높아지고 유전자 변형 식품 생산과 판매는 국내는 물론 국제통상과 식품산업에 막대한 영향을 끼치고 있다. 본 연구는 이런 산업내의 변화에 맞추어 유전자 변형 기술에 의해 제조된 빵에 대한 일본 소비자들의 지각과 행동적 특성을 제시하는데 있다. 차별화된 유전자 변형에의 창출된 이익에 대한 일본 소비자들의 반응과 선택을 conjoint 분석을 사용하여 실증적으로 분석하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 유전자 변형 기술에 의해 창출되는 다양한 종류의 이익으로 차별화 된 GM 식품의 상품화의 실행 가능성을 평가하는데 있다. 연구 결과에 의하면 일본 소비자들은 유전자 변형에 의해 영양적 요소가 강화된 상품에 큰 관심을 보였고, 유전자 변형 식품이 주는 소비자 이익에 생산자 이익보다 높은 프리미엄을 지불할 의사가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.562-567
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• 2008

To develop human risk assessment protocols, we explored housekeeping gene and cytokine expression in mouse spleen cells using Rt-PCR. We normalized housekeeping gene expression by RT-PCR; gene expression was highly uniform in potato leafs and mouse spleen cells. We measured the expression of frequently used housekeeping genes, such as those encoding APRT, $\beta$-tubulin, Actin, Hsp 20.2, Cyclophilin, 18S RNA, Efla, Tbp, GAPDH, $\beta$-actin, Tuba2, Hprt, Cyclophlin A, Tfrc, and RPL13A in mice fed GM or non-GM potatoes. Housekeeping gene expression did not show any significant differences between GM and non-GM potato-fed mice. The murine model of potato-fed mice did not express IL-4 and IL-13 at a significant levels.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.136-136
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• 2017

In agriculture, the rice is the one of important things. Many farmers and scientists have long tried to increase the yield of rice. So many technologies have been developed these days. One type of technology has given rise to a host of concerns and questions, namely Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). The increasing cultivation of GM crops has raised a wide range of concerns with respect to food safety, environmental effects and socio-economic issues and now commercially planted on about 100 million hectares in some 22 developed and developing countries. The scientific evidence concerning the environmental and health impacts of GMOs is still emerging, but so far there is no conclusive information on the definitive negative impacts of GMOs on health or the environment. Nevertheless, public perceptions about GMOs in food and agriculture are divided with a tendency toward avoiding GM food and products in many developed and developing countries. Also Korea is one of that country and is not allow the GMOs now. So I studied whether these GMOs are actually dangerous for environment and whether there are differences in cultivar characteristics such as germination test with TTC tetrazolium, germination test in frozen soil and gene-flow test with glufosinate and strip-bar test. With these experiments, we evaluated the agricultural safety of GM rice and to identify and assess environmental risks.