• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.63-75
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• 2007

Purpose: With economic development and prolonged longevity, the level of health and health disparities have became growing concerns for individual and society as well. Since youth's health status are influenced by households' socioeconomic status and associated with heath status in later stage of life, assessing health inequality in the youth is a significant step toward lessening health disparity and promoting health. We measured health inequality in high school students and decomposed it into health factors. Methods: The subjects included 3,787 high school students of 12th graders from the Korea Education and Employment Panel (KEEP) in 2004. True health status was assumed as a latent variable and estimated by ordered logistic regression model. The predicted health was used as a measure of individual health after rPSraling to [0,1] interval. Total health inequality was then measured by Gini coefficient and was decomposed into health factors. Results: Health inequality in high school students was observed. Of total health inequality, 44% was explained by biological factors such as body mass index (BMI) (32.5%) and gender (13.5%). Behavioral factors such as smoking, drinking, physical activity, hours in bed and hours of computer ussge added to 11.7%. Household income and work experiences explained 5.6% and 8.8%, respectively. School satisfaction explained 14.6%. Other school related factors such as self-assessed achievement and experience of being bullied accounted for 15.5%. Conclusion: Among the health factors, biological factor was the most important contributor in health disparity. Other factors such as health behaviors, socioeconomic factors, school satisfaction and school related factors exhibited somewhat similar magnitude. For policy purposes, it is recommended to look into modifiable factors depending BM, gender and school surroundings.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.165-172
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• 2008

Objectives : Despite various government initiatives, including the expansion of national health insurance coverage, health inequality has been a key health policy issue in South Korea during the past decade. This study describes and compares the extent of the total health inequality and the income-related health inequality over time among Korean adults. Methods : This study employs the 1998, 2001 and 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANESs). The self-assessed health (SAH) ordinal responses, measured on a five-point scale, resealed to cardinal values to measure the health inequalities with using interval regression. The boundaries of each threshold for the interval regression analysis were obtained from the empirical distribution of the EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) valuation weights estimated from the 2005 KNHANES. The final model predicting the individuals' health status included age, gender, educational attainment, occupation, income, and the regional prosperity index. The concentration index was used to measure and analyze the health inequality. Results : The KNHANES data showed an unequal distribution of the total health inequality in favor of the higher income groups, and this is getting worse over time (0.0327 in 1998, 0.0393 in 2001 and 0.0924 in 2005). The income-related health inequality in 2005 was 0.0278, indicating that 30.1% of the total health inequality can be attributed to income. Conclusions : The findings indicate there are health inequalities across the sociodemographic and income groups despite the recent government's efforts. Further research is warranted to investigate what potential policy actions are necessary to decrease the health inequality in Korea.

• 한국인구학
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.33-50
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• 2002

본 연구는 교육수준 별 혼인표에서 나타나는 남녀 결혼의 비대칭성을 조사하여 남녀불평등 정도를 측정하고자 한다. 연구의 기본가정은 남녀간의 불평등이 존재할때는 남자가 결혼하는 유형과 여자가 결혼하는 유형이 다르다는 것이다. 남녀불평 등 정도가 큰 사회에서는 여자의 지위가 남자의 지위에 비해 높다는 사실을 받아들이기가 상대적으로 더 힘들다. 구체적인 연구의 목적은 혼인표의 비대칭성을 측정하기 위한 통계모형과 지수를 개발하는 것이다. 아울러 국가별로 다르게 나타나는 남녀불평등지수의 차이에 미친 원인을 찾아보고자 한다. 이 분야에서 남녀불평등정도의 차이에 관한 중요한 이론으로 논의되는 두 가지 이론은 산업화론과 정치 /문화이론이다. 이러한 연구목적을 위해 27여개의 교육수준일 혼인표가 분석되었다. 가설검증과 같은 방법으로 엄격하게 이론의 타당성을 살펴본 것은 아니지만, 분석결과를 통해서 몇 가지 시사점을 찾아볼 수 있다. 첫째, 상대적으로 덜 산업화된 국가들에 비해. 산업화가 많이 진척된 나라일수록 남녀불평등의 정도가 작다. 둘째. 다른 조건이 같다면, 정치제도가 선택결혼의 정도에 영향을 미친다. 셋째. 이러한 정치적인 요인뿐만 아니라 문화적인 요인도 적어도 결혼과 관련하여 남녀불평등 정도에 영향을 준 것으로 보여진다 요약하자면, 본 연구는 남녀불평등과 관련요인의 관계에 대해서 일종의 수정된 산업화이론을 시사하고 있다 즉, 대부분의 국가에서는 산업화의 진척에 따라 남녀불평등 정도가 작아진다 동시에 몇몇 국가에서는 그 나라 특유의 정치제도나 문화적 경험에 많은 영향을 받는 것으로 보인다. 이러한 결과는 산업화 정도에 따른 남녀 간 사회적 지위의 감소 등을 강조하는 기존의 이론을 부분적으로 확인하는 것이다. 동시에 단순이 산업화의 정도가 그러한 경향을 보장하는 것은 아니다라는 것을 강조하고 하고 있다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2016

본 논문은 다양한 국제지수로 우리나라의 성평등 현주소를 살펴본다. 성평등지수의 장점은 이 지표들을 활용하여 성평등을 위한 전략적이고 구체적인 정책방향을 제시할 수 있고, 국제비교가 가능한 장점을 가진다. 대표적으로 UNDP에서 개발한 GDI, GEM, GII와 WEF에서 개발한 GGI가 있다. 네 가지 지수들의 성격이 다르기 때문에 성평등지수에 대한 이해도를 높이기 위해 각 지수의 내용과 측정지표들을 소개하고, 각 지수에 따른 우리나라 순위를 살펴본다. 이 지표를 기준으로 보면 우리나라는 GDI는 상위권, GII는 중상위권, GEM GGI는 최하위권에 속하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 국제지수 순위를 통해 우리나라의 경우 포괄적이고 실제적인 성평등을 이루기 위해서 정치참여와 경제영역에서 성평등이 시급하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.623-627
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• 2014

Background: Esophagus cancer (EC) is among the five most common cancers in both sexes in Iran, with an incidence rate well above world average. Social rank (SR) of individuals and regions are well-known independent predictors of EC incidence. The aim of current study was to assess gender and social disparities in EC incidence across Iran's provinces through 2003-2009. Materials and Methods: Data on distribution of population at province level were obtained from the Statistical Centre of Iran. Age-standardized incidence rates of EC were gathered from the National Cancer Registry. The Human Development Index (HDI) was used to assess the province social rank. Rate ratios and Kunst and Mackenbach relative indices of inequality ($RII_{KM}$) were used to assess gender and social inequalities, respectively. Annual percentage change (APC) was calculated using joinpoint regression. Results: EC incidence rate increased 4.6% and 6.5% per year among females and males, respectively. There were no gender disparities in EC incidence over the study period. There were substantial social disparities in favor of better-off provinces in Iran. These social disparities were generally the same between males and females and were stable over the study period. Conclusions: The results showed an inverse association between the provinces' social rank and EC incidence rate in Iran. In addition, I found that, in contrast with international trends, women are at the same risk of EC as men in Iran. Further investigations are needed to explain these disparities in EC incidence across the provinces.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.249-259
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• 2011

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze long-term trends in the contribution of each cause of death to socioeconomic inequalities in all-cause mortality among Korean adults. Methods: Data were collected from death certificates between 1990 and 2004 and from censuses in 1990, 1995, and 2000. Age-standardized death rates by gender were produced according to education as the socioeconomic position indicator, and the slope index of inequality was calculated to evaluate the contribution of each cause of death to socioeconomic inequalities in all-cause mortality. Results: Among adults aged 25-44, accidental injuries with transport accidents, suicide, liver disease and cerebrovascular disease made relatively large contributions to socioeconomic inequalities in all-cause mortality, while, among adults aged 45-64, liver disease, cerebrovascular disease, transport accidents, liver cancer, and lung cancer did so. Ischemic heart disease, a very important contributor to socioeconomic mortality inequality in North America and Western Europe, showed a very low contribution (less than 3%) in both genders of Koreans. Conclusions: Considering the contributions of different causes of death to absolute mortality inequalities, establishing effective strategies to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in mortality is warranted.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.499-510
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• 2017

본 연구는 세계경제포럼에서 매년 발간하는 "The Global Gender Gap Report"의 전 세계 145개 국가를 대상으로 젠더 갭의 요인을 살펴보고 소득성장과 경제구조 고도화와의 관계를 회귀분석을 통해 실증적으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과 젠더 갭의 요인 중 성비는 소득성장의 지표인 GNI 성장률과 경제구조 고도화의 지표인 ICT 개발지수에 정(+)의 관계를 보였고, 여성문맹률은 소득성장에만 유의미한 부(-)의 관계를 보였다. 여성국회의원비율은 소득성장에만 유의미한 정(+)의 관계를 보였고, 여성노동참여율은 경제구조 고도화에만 유의미한 정(+)의 관계를 보였다. 이 분석 결과를 통해 여러 국가들은 다가올 4차 산업혁명 시대에 여성노동에 대해 고민하며 대응하기 위한 제도 및 정책을 바탕으로 한 전략수립의 과제를 수립할 필요가 있다.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.196-213
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• 2019

본 논문은 2018년 가계금융복지조사 원자료를 대상으로 기존 O-B(Oaxaca-Blinder) 요인분해를 일반화하고 정교화한 가중화 및 RIF(Recentered Influence Function) 회귀 기반의 2단계 O-B 요인분해 기법을 사용하여 순자산 불평등의 수도권과 비수도권 격차 요인들을 분석한다. 이는 소득, 연령, 교육, 가구유형 등과 같은 사회 경제적 요인들의 지역 간 분포 차이가 순자산 불평등의 지역 간 격차에 어떻게 기여했는지를 밝히는 것이다. 자료의 한계에도 불구하고, 분석 결과는 소득, 이혼, 농림어업과 기능조립직, 다문화가구 변수들의 지역 간 차이는 순자산 불평등의 수도권과 비수도권 간 격차를 심화시키지만, 상용직, 관리전문사무직, 서비스판매직, 가구규모 변수들은 그 격차를 완화시키고, 생애주기의 지역 간 차이는 상쇄적인 역할을 한다는 것을 보여준다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.27-37
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• 2015

Objectives: As the increasing of the length of the lifespan, more recent policy interest are concerned with how many years of life are lived without functional disability or activity limitation. We investigated the relationship between deprivation and activity limitation at the 251 local authority level. Methods: The data were derived from the 2010 Census 10% sample data. Crude and age-standardized activity limitation rates by gender at the ages of 50 or over and deprivation index were calculated. Mapping and multiple linear regression analysis were applied to explore relationship between area activity limitation and area deprivation. Results: There were considerable differences in activity limitation rate across the 251 local authorities. Age-standardized activity limitation rate in both male and female were strongly associated with the level of area deprivation. Especially, low social class, male unemployment, or non-apartment residents at the local level were strong positive association with local authorities' age-standardized activity limitation. Conclusion: More policy attention is needed for tackling regional inequality in activity limitation among older adults.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate income-related health inequalities among adolescent population across regions in Korea. Methods: Data of 8,456 adolescents from 1998, 2001, 2005, 2007 Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used for the analysis. True health status was proxied by self-rated health and overweight status. Per capita income was computed from household monthly average income adjusted by consumer price with base year 2005. Adolescent health inequalities were estimated by Concentration Index (CI) across income and space. Results: Ill health score was related with age (p<0.0001), gender (p=0.0155) and income (p<0.0001). Negative relationship between income and ill-health indicated that higher income group tended to enjoy better health and less overweight. These evidences suggested ill health were accumulated on the economically disadvantaged adolescents. The size of health inequalities (ill-health score) were estimated as CI=-0.057 and CI=-0.030 across income groups and regions, respectively. Comparable measures of within region health disparities were also observed. Conclusion: Since health disparity among adolescent population was small compared to adult population, lessening adolescent health inequality could be a helpful way of mitigating health disparities in later stage. Considering life stage of adolescents, school system and local communities could play important roles toward adolescent health distribution. Although health disparity between regions existed, health disparity within a region should not be neglected.