• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.157-162
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• 2014

This study was conducted to examine the functionality of the fire retardant treated wood. The hygroscopic property, leaching resistance, metal corrosive efficacy and gas toxicity of retardant treated wood were analyzed. Sodium silicate was penetrated to the wood for making fire retardant treated wood. The subsequent treatment agents such as boric acid, ammonium borate, di-ammonium phosphate were treated after sodium silicate treatment due to fixation. As results for the test, the leaching resist was improved by subsequent treatment. The fire retardant combination such as sodium silicate, boric acid and di-ammonium phosphate showed high hygroscopic property, metal corrosive efficacy. The gas toxicity was also satisfied KS standard.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.6 no.3_4
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• pp.123-132
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• 1991

Acute poisoning with organic solvents and other volatile compounds now usually follows deliberate inhalation (volatile substance abuse) or ingestion of these compounds. The effect of butane gas inhalation was analyzed for serum, liver, brain, lung and muscle. And the observations are revealed on rat cholinesterase activity, lactatedehydrogenase activity and electrophoretic pattern of lactatedehydrogenase isozyme. The results are as follows: 1. The rat cholinesterase activity on serum, liver and muscle show the decreased by increasing of inhalation time of butane gas in particular the lung cholinesterase activity was greatly affected. 2. Butane gas inhalation brought out the lactatedehydrogenase activity increased of the serum and the tissues and had an important effect especially in both the liver and muscle 1actatedehydrogenase activities. 3. Each tissue was found to have a characteristic distribution of lactatedehy-drogenase isozymes on celluloseacetate electrophoresis and the development of inhalation time is shown the disappearance and diffusion of band. The toxicity of butane gas inhalation was most prominence in the liver and lung toxicity was occurred also.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2016

In this study, the experiment to confirm the risks of particulate material was carried out as a precedent study for developing the toxicity evaluation method of combustion products including the toxicity of particulate material. In the experiment, the test result of filtering and exposing particulate material among combustion products and that of exposing combustion products including particulate material were compared and analyzed by analyzing changes in average movement stop time according to the installation of Membrane filter between the stirring box and test box through the gas toxicity test of the same specimen to filter particulate material among combustion products. As the test result, in case of installing a filter, the average movement stop time of an experimental rat increased by up to 264% in case of lumber specimen and up to 179% in case of urethane specimen. Through such result, the necessity of identifying the toxicity of particulate material and carrying out quantitative toxicity test for particulate material was confirmed.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to evaluate flame retardant performance, thermal stability and toxicity of combustion gases for some commercial wallpapers. ID evaluate flame retardant performance 45 degree combustion experiment method was used and thermal stability was evaluated using DSC and TGA apparatus (OSC-50/Shimadzu, TGA2050/TA Instruments Inc) . Concentrations of CO, $CO_2$, HCN and HCI were measured with (GASTEC/Japan, MSA400 Gas Monitor/Infitron Inc) and toxicity indices using NIST N-Gas Model were applied to evaluate the toxicity of combustion gases. The evaluation produced the following results : First, paper cork and PVC wallpaper treated with flame retardants were found to be suitable for flame retardant performance standards. Second, paper, cork and PVC wallpaper non-treated with flame retardants were shown to be relatively more hazardous because they had greater calorific values and a faster decomposition time than the flame retardant treated wallpapers. Third, the toxicity indices of non-treated wallpapers were found to be higher than those of treated wallpapers, and the toxicity index of PVC wallpapers was higher than those of paper and cork wallpapers.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.7-13
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• 2001

In this paper, we had analyzed comsbustion gases according to pyrolysis $600^{\circ}c$, $800^{\circ}c$ and $1000^{\circ}c$ for polymeric material using a GASTEC colorimetric gas detector tube in order to combustion gases toxicity evaluation for flame retardant untreated ply wood, flame retardant treated ply wood, flexible polyvinyl chloride and flexible polyurethane foam of polymeric material. As a result, comsbustion gases producted from small specimens of polymeric material had reached fatal to man at a 30 minute exposure time that had possesed toxicity index. Toxicity index at pyrolysis $800^{\circ}c$ of flexible polyvinyl chloride was 31.74. Flexible polyvinyl chloride was the highest toxicity index of flame retardant untreated ply wood, flame retardant treated ply wood, flexible polyvinyl chloride and flexible polyurethane foam. The comsbustion gases producted commonly no concern with pyrolysis temperature had analyzed carbon dioxide($CO_2$) and carbon monoxide(CO). Toxicity index had investigated differently according to pyrolysis temperature even a similar materal.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.5-11
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• 2012

The abjective of this study was to study the degradation behavior and acute toxicity assessment of Triclosan and acute toxicity under E-beam irradiation. The experiments were conducted to investigate the efficts of the degradation efficiency in the initial concentration of Triclosan and the irradiation capacity of E-beam and the degree of mineralization based on a change of scavenger gas. The biological toxicity test by using on green algae, Pseudokirchneriella Subcapitata was conducted to lead the reducing toxicity. Degradation efficiency of Triclosan was improved when E-beam irradiation intensity was higher. Additionally, the % of TOC removal in each Radical scavenger gas was increased as the follows orders: $N_2O$ > $O_2$ > $N_2$, The toxicity test showed that the toxicity effect after 4 days(96hrs) was decreased by increase of E-beam irradiation intensity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.677-683
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• 1999

Gamdutang aqua-acupuncture solution (GAS), Gamdutang water-extracted solution (GWS) and Dae-Gamdutang aqua-acupuncture solution (DGAS) were prepared and tested for antitumor activities. It was shown to possess considerable toxicity toward various tumor cell lines. Concentration of 5 $\times$ and 10$\times$ of GAS resulted in more than 70% inhibition of growth in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (EATC), Hepa1c1c7 and A549. GAS at concentrations of 5$\times$ and 10$\times$ revealed more than 60% inhibition in HeLa. GWS showed more than 50% inhibition of growth with EATC and HeLa at concentrations of 5$\times$ and 10$\times$, respectively. Toxicity assay with GWS in Hepa1c1c7 and A549 revealed that more than 80% inhibition of growth at the concentration of 5$\times$ and 10$\times$. In morphological study, the number of cells were decreased, and the shape of cells was round-form in EATC, Hepa1c1c7, A549, HeLa with GAS.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.978-980
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• 2010

This study was conducted to observe the cause of injury of fig plant. Nitrogen dioxide gas can be evolved at low pH or reduced in soil. Fig plant cultivated with nutrient solution was wilted or withered. Injury symptom for nutrient solution containing nitrous acid was worse as pH of soil decreased. However, increase in pH of nutrient solution treated with increasing $Ca(OH)_2$ solution prevented nutrient solution from producing nitrogen dioxide gas. Recovery of the fig plant by pH increase indicated that the cause of injury was nitrogen dioxide gas.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.49-56
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• 2015

Toxic gases from five types of interior building materials were investigated according to Naval Engineering Standard (NES) 713. The materials were plywood, indoor wall coverings (wood wall plate members and pine wood), reinforced Styrofoam insulation, laminate flooring, and PVC. Specimens were measured using an NES 713 toxicity test apparatus to analyze the hazardous substances in combustion gas from the materials. We used the US Department of Defense standard (MIL-DTL, Military Standard) to calculate the toxicity index of the combustion gas. Emissions of $CO_2$ from all specimens did not exceed the NES 713 limit of 100,000 ppm. The amount of CO gas emissions from reinforced Styrofoam insulation was 6,098 ppm. 25 ppm and 49 ppm of formaldehyde were released from the reinforced Styrofoam insulation and PVC flooring, respectively. These values were less than the limit of 400 ppm. The highest emissions were from $NO_X$ emitted by plywood and were above the limit of 250 ppm. The toxicity index of the specimens were calculated as 5.19 for plywood, 4.13 for PVC flooring, 2.35 for reinforced Styrofoam insulation, 2.34 for laminate flooring, and 1.22 for indoor wall coverings (pine wood). Our research helps us to understand the properties of these five interior materials by analyzing the combustion gas and explaining the toxicity of constituents and the toxicity index. Also, it would be useful for giving fundamentals to guide the safe use of interior materials for applications.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.63-68
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• 2011

The aim of this study was 1,4-dioxane's degradation efficiency and toxicity test applying E-beam. The experiments were shows that the degradation efficiency in the initial concentration of 1,4-dioxane and the irradiation capacity of E-beam and the degree of mineralization based on a change of scavenger gas. The biological toxicity test by using on of green algae, Pseudokirchneriella Subcapitata was conducted to lead the reducing toxicity. Degradation efficiency of 1,4-dioxane was improved when E-beam irradiation intensity was higher and the efficiency of TOC removal using Radical scavenger gas was increased by $N_2O$, $O_2$ and $N_2$ in order. In 4 days(96hrs), toxicity test results indicated that toxicity effect was decreased by increase of E-beam irradiation intensity.