• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.264-274
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• 1997

A numerical analysis on condensation and coagulation of the metallic species with fly ash particles pre-existing in an incinerator was performed. Waste was simplified as a mixture of methane, chlorine, and small amounts of Pb and Sn. Vapor-phase amounts of Pb- and Sn -compounds were first calculated assuming a thermodynamic equilibrium state. Then theories on vapor-to-particle conversion, vapor condensation onto the fly ash particles, and particle-particle interaction were examined and incorporated into equations of aerosol dynamics and vapor continuity. It was assumed that the particles followed a log-normal size distribution and thus a moment model was developed in order to predict the particle concentration and the particle size distribution simultaneously. Distributions of metallic vapor concentration (or vapor pressure) were also obtained. Temperature drop rate of combustion gas, fly ash concentration and its size were selected as parameters influencing the discharged amount of metallic species. In general, the coagulation between the newly formed metal particles and the fly ash particles was much greater than that between the metal particles themselves or between the fly ash particles themselves. It was also found that the amount of metallic species discharged into the atmosphere was increased due to coagulation. While most of PbO vapors produced from the combustion were eliminated due to combined effect of condensation and coagulation, the highly volatile species, PbCl$_{2}$ and SnCl$_{4}$ vapors tended to discharge into the atmosphere without experiencing either the condensation or the coagulation. For Sn vapors the tendency was between that of PbO vapors and that of PbCl$_{2}$ or SnCl$_{4}$. To restrain the discharged amount of hazardous metallic species, the coagulation should be restrained, the number concentration and the size of pre-existing fly ash particles should be increased, and the temperature drop rate of combustion gas should be kept low.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.1379-1389
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• 1999

A new technique for control of size and shape of flame-made particles is Introduced. The characteristic sintering time can be controlled Independently of collision time by heating the particles with irradiation of laser because the sintering time strongly depends on temperature. A coflow oxy-hydrogen diffusion flame burner was used for $SiCl_4$ conversion to silica particle. Nanometer sized aggregates irradiated by a high power CW $CO_2$ laser beam were rapidly heated up to high temperatures and then were sintered to approach volume-equivalent spheres. The sphere collides much slower than the aggregate, which results in reduction of sizes of particles maintaining spherical shape. Light scattering of Ar ion laser and TEM observation using a local sampling device were used to confirm the above effects. When the $CO_2$ laser was irradiated at low position from the burner surface, particle generation due to gas absorption of laser beam occurred and thus scattering intensity increased with $CO_2$ laser power. At high irradiation position, scattering intensity decreased with $CO_2$ laser power and TEM image showed a clear mark of evaporation and recondensation of particles for high $CO_2$ laser power. When the laser was irradiated between the above two positions where small aggregates exist, average size of spherical particles obviously decreased to 58% of those without $CO_2$ laser irradiation with the spherical shape. Even for increased carrier gas flow rate by a factor of three, TEM photograph also revealed considerable reduction of particle size.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.43-44
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• 2003

스모그 챔버는 대기화학 반응을 물리적 변수를 제어할 수 있는 공간 내에서 재현하여 스모그 현상을 체계적으로 규명하기 위해 가장 많이 사용되는 방법이다(Dodge, 2000). 대기화학 반응을 통해 생성된 입자상 물질(secondary particles) 또는 초미세 입자(ultrafine particle, 〈0.1 $\mu\textrm{m}$)는 연속된 물리화학 반응을 통해 accumulation mode(0.1~l.0 $\mu\textrm{m}$) 입자로 성장한다. 특히, 대도시의 시정(visibility)은 accumulation mode 입자의 산란(scattering)과 흡수(adsorption)가 주요한 원인이기 때문에 이러한 물질의 생성에 영향을 주는 가스상 물질의 전화(gas-to-particle conversion) 반응과 초미세 입자의 성장 현상을 규명하는 것은 매우 중요하다. (중략)

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.372-380
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• 2011

촤-가스화 반응은 반응온도, 반응가스 부분압력, 시스템 총 압력, 입자크기 등 운전조건뿐만 아니라 촤의 화학적 조성 및 물리적 구조의 영향을 받는다. 본 연구에서는 두 종류의 역청탄 촤를 이용하여 반응온도 1,000-$1,400{^{\circ}C}$에서 $CO_{2}$ 가스화시 입자크기의 영향을 관찰하였다. 실험실 규모의 고정식 반응기를 이용하여 대기압 하에서 실험을 수행하였으며 반응가스인 $CO_{2}$(40 vol%)가 반응기에 공급되면 촤와 반응하여 CO를 생성하였다. 촤의 탄소 전환율을 측정하기 위하여 비분산적외선 방식의 CO/$CO_{2}$ 센서가 장착된 실시간 가스분석기를 이용하였다. 실험결과 동일한 온도에서 입자크기가 감소할수록 가스화 반응성은 증가하였으며 온도가 증가할수록 반응성에 미치는 입자크기의 영향은 더욱더 크게 증가하였다. 또한 반응성이 낮은 촤에서 입자크기의 영향은 다소 적게 나타났다. 입자크기와 석탄 종류는 반응모델에도 영향을 주었다. Shrinking core model은 반응성이 낮은 석탄을 잘 묘사했으며 반대로 Volume reaction model은 반응성이 높은 석탄을 잘 묘사하였다.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.761-764
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• 2009

The thermocatalytic decomposition of methane is an environmentally attractive approach to $CO_2$-free production of hydrogen. The fluidized bed was proposed for the continuous withdraw of product carbon from the reactor. The usage of carbon black was reported as stable catalyst for decomposition of methane. Therfore, carbon black (DCC-N330) is used as catalyst. A fluidized bed reactor made of quartz with 0.055 m I.D. and 1.0 m in height was selected for the thermo-catalytic decomposition. The porpane-containg methnae decomposition reaction was operated at the temperature range of 850-900 $^{\circ}C$ methane gas velocity of 1.0 $U_{mf}$ and the operating pressure of 1.0 atm. In this work, propane was added as reactant to make methane conversion higher. Therefore we compared with methane conversion and pre-experiment methane conversion that using only methane as reactant. The carbon black, after experiment, was measured in particle size and surface area and analyzed surface of the carbon black by TEM.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.69-77
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• 2022

In order to understand the characteristics of fine particles emitted from coal-fired power plant stacks, it is important to analyze the size distribution and components of particles. In this study, particle size distributions were measured using the ejector-porous tube dilution device and an ELPI system at a stack in a coal-fired power plant. Main elemental components of particles in each size interval were also identified through TEM-EDS analysis for the particles collected in each ELPI stage. Particle size distributions based on number and mass were analyzed with component distributions from 0.006 to 10 ㎛. The highest number concentration was about 0.01 ㎛. The main component of the particles consisted of sulfur, which indicated that sulfate aerosols were generated by gas-to-particle conversion of SO2. In a mass size distribution, a mono-modal distribution with a mode diameter of about 2 ㎛ was shown. For the components of PM1.0 (particles less than 1 ㎛), the abundance order was F > Mg > S > Ca, and however, for the components of PM10 (particles less than 10 ㎛), it was in the order of Fe > S > Ca > Mg. The elemental components by particle size were confirmed.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.473-482
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• 2018

To check applicability of recently developed new oxygen carrier for 0.5 MWth chemical looping combustion system, reactivity tests were carried out at high temperature and high pressure conditions. Pressure, temperature, gas velocity, $CH_4$ flow rate, and solid height were considered as operating variables. The new oxygen carrier (N016-R4) showed not only high fuel conversion but also high $CO_2$ selectivity within all the operating conditions in this study. The reactivity of N016-R4 particle was compared with previous oxygen carriers. The N016-R4 particle represented outstanding reactivity among 10 oxygen carriers in terms of fuel conversion and $CO_2$ selectivity.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.651-657
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• 2020

고체 입자들이 유체처럼 움직이는 유동층 공정은 에너지 전환 공정뿐만 아니라 범용 고분자 수지의 생산 공정에도 이용되고 있다. 범용 고분자 수지 중의 하나인 LLDPE(Linear low density polyethylene)도 기포 유동층 공정을 통해 전세계에서 생산되고 있다. 입자 크기에 비해 밀도가 낮은 LLDPE 입자들은 고분자 중합 반응을 위해 공급되는 수소에 의해서 유동화된다. 그러나 LLDPE 생산 공정은 기포유동층 공정임에도 불구하고 발생한 슬러그로 인하여 반응에 영향을 끼쳐 공정의 효율 저하를 불러올 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 상용 고분자 반응기를 모사한 pilot 규모의 고분자 합성 반응기(0.38 m l.D., 4.4 m High)와 동일한 시뮬레이션 모델을 구축하여 LLDPE 입자의 유동화 상태를 고찰하였다. 특히 기체 유속(0.45-1.2 m/s), 고체 입자 밀도(900-1900 kg/㎥), 입자 구형도(0.5-1.0), 입자 크기(120-1230 ㎛)의 변화에 따른 슬러그 특성을 세밀하게 고찰하기 위하여 전산입자유체해석(Computational particle-fluid dynamics, CPFD)을 이용하였다. CPFD를 통해서 일부 실험자들만 고찰할 수 있었던 flat slug의 발생을 시각적으로 구현하였으며 밀도, 구형도, 크기 등의 고체의 물리적 특성을 변화시킴에 따라 슬러그 발생을 저감시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.843-849
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• 2012

매체순환식 가스연소기 산소공여입자로 NiO 계열 산소공여입자를 사용할 경우 고온 조건(> $900^{\circ}C$)에서 온도가 증가함에 따라 환원반응 배출기체 중 CO 농도가 증가하게 되며, 이에 의해 연료전환율과 $CO_2$ 선택도가 감소하게 된다. 이러한 고온 환원반응성 저하를 개선하기 위한 방법으로 매체순환 가스연소기에 적용 가능한 금속산화물들에 대해 온도변화에 따른 평형 CO 농도를 계산 및 비교하여 반응성 개선이 가능한 금속산화물을 선정하였다. 선정된 금속산화물을 NiO 계열 산소공여입자와 물리적으로 혼합하는 방법을 적용하여 고온 환원반응성 개선이 가능한지를 회분식 유동층 실험장치를 이용하여 측정 및 해석하였다. $900{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$ 범위에서 기존 NiO 계열 입자(OCN706-1100) 만을 사용한 경우에 비해 $Co_3O_4$ 계열 입자($Co_3O_4/CoAl_2O_4$)를 10% 혼합한 경우가 연료전환율 및 $CO_2$ 선택도가 높게 나타났으며 환원반응 배출기체 중 CO의 농도가 감소하는 경향을 나타내어 $Co_3O_4$ 계열 산소공여입자를 함께 사용하는 방법으로 고온 환원반응성 개선이 가능함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.247-252
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• 2013

Removal of water contents in a gas is needed in industrial field of gas processing related on energy production/conversion, and environmental treatment. Inertial separators are economic devices for separating droplets from the gas stream. For design and incorporation of inertial pre-treatment separator, characteristics of removal of water contents with various operation conditions are needed. In this study, removal efficiency of water droplets at various flowrates (5-14 SCMM) and relative humidity (R.H.) conditions (40%, and 90%) has been investigated. At low R.H. condition, the removal characteristic is similar to the removal of solid particles. But, droplet growth resulting from the condensation of water vapor at high R.H. condition, is significant and it made increase in removal efficiency of droplet phase of water contents. For rapid removal of water contents, an effective method to enhancing condensation growth of water droplets is highly needed.