• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2013

This study was performed to analyze 48 kinds of pesticide residues using gas chromatography (GC)/nitrogen phosphorous detector, GC/micro electron capture detector, GC/mass selective detector, and high performance liquid chromatograph/diode array detector in 186 fresh ginseng samples collected in the Seoul area from 2010 to 2011. Fresh ginseng dietary intakes were estimated using the data from the 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition examination survey. Residual pesticides were detected in 79 samples (42.5%) with eight different fungicides. Only 20 samples (10.8%) exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides registered by the Korea Food & Drug Administration. Among them, tolclofos-methyl residues (10.2%) exceeded the MRL for fresh ginseng in 18 ginseng seedlings and one of the two-year old fresh ginseng plants, and the residual level in just one ginseng seedling violated the MRL for pyrimethanil. The results showed that residual pesticides levels in marketable fresh ginseng around Seoul were relatively safe. The percent acceptable daily intake (%ADI) was calculated using pesticide residues in fresh ginseng and dietary intakes of fresh ginseng. The risk caused by pesticide residues in fresh ginseng was very low.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.184-188
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• 2004

The residue analysis of the insecticide thiodicarb in sweet persimmon was analyzed with a gas chromatograph equipped with nitrogen phosphorus detector(NPD) to evaluate efficacy of analysis method and safety of thiodicarb in persimmon. Minimum detectable amount of methomyl oxime, hydrolysate of thiodicarb, was 0.2 ng and detection limit of thiodicarb was 0.05 ppm. The mean recoveries evaluated from untreated samples spiked at 0.5 ppm and 2.5 ppm were $93.9{\pm}3.9$ and $92.8{\pm}2.0%$, respectively. When thiodicarb was sprayed onto the sweet persimmon two times until 40 and 30 days before harvest, three times until 40, 30 and 21 days before harvest, and four times until 40, 30, 21 and 14 days before harvesting, the mean residual amount in sweet persimmon were $1.50{\pm}0.04$, $1.86{\pm}0.04$ and $2.11{\pm}0.12$ ppm, respectively. It would be safe when thiodicarb 40% WP is treated four times 14 days before harvesting to control fruit moth in sweet persimmon.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.201-208
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• 2007

Functional oils (FOs) were produced from commercial diacylglycerol oil and red yeast rice extracts from 80% ethanol for 1 hr in a shaking water bath at $35^{\circ}C$ and 175 rpm. FOs contained (A) 600, (B) 1200, (C) 1800, and (D) 2280 ppm of red yeast-rice extracts, respectively. The Hunter a value and b value were risen whereas L value was reduced along with the increase of extract concentration. Content of monacolin K and total phenolic compounds in FOs significantly increased according to the increase of extract concentration. The oxidation stability of FOs was observed by Rancimat at $98^{\circ}C$. Induction time decreased according to the increase of extract concentration. The major volatile compounds of FOs were compared using the electronic nose (EN) system and solid phase microextraction (SPME) method combined with gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). EN was composed of 12 different metal oxide sensors. Sensitivities (Rgas/Rair) of sensors from EN were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), whose proportion was 99.66%. For qualitative or quantitative analysis of volatile compounds by SPME-GC/MS, the divinylbenzene/carboxene/polydimethyl-siloxane fiber and sampling temperature of $50^{\circ}C$ were applied.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.199-207
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• 2010

In this study, breast milk levels of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were estimated, and statistics drawn, for 22 Koreans in the general population, aged 26-38, who had resided in metropolitan areas for more than 5 years without occupational exposure to organochlorine pollutants. Concentrations of indicator PCBs were measured using the isotope dilution method with a high resolution gas chromatograph/high resolution mass detector, which provided accurate and precise data for investigation of trends, and international comparisons. The geometric mean of total indicator PCB levels was 22.3 ng/g lipid, which is significantly lower than the level in individuals from European countries. Overall, the geometric mean and 95th percentile of the most abundant congener PCB 153 were 8.04 ng/g lipid and 16.4 ng/g lipid, respectively. PCB congeners 138, 153 and 180 together accounted for about 75% of the indicator congeners analyzed. Breast milk total indicator PCB concentrations were significantly associated with age and parity, but not with body mass index (BMI), rate of body weight increase, or smoking habits. The geometric mean level of PCB 153 in breast milk from mothers with a pre-pregnant BMI < $21\;kg/m^2$ was significantly higher than in pre-pregnant women with a BMI of ${\geqslant}\;21\;kg/m^2$ (p<0.05). Women who ate more fish, meat, and milk products did not have significantly higher total indicator PCB levels than those who ate less of these products, but a significant difference in PCB 153 levels was demonstrated between the subjects consuming higher (11.45 ng/g lipid) and lower (6.79 ng/g lipid) amounts of fish (p<0.05), after adjusting for confounders. These results suggest that age, parity and fish intake are the important factors affecting the concentrations of indicator PCBs in these subjects.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.227-233
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• 2016

This study was designed to analyze the chemical compositions of 'Setoka' branch essential oils (SEBO) and to test their biological activities. 'Setoka' is a Citrus species widely cultivated in Jeju Island. At the present, 'Setoka' branches produced by thinning process were mostly discarded as a waste. Therefore, utilization of this branch waste has received much attention. 'Setoka' branch essential oils (SBEO) were prepared by treatment of its ethanol extracts with jojoba oil. SBEO were chemically analyzed using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and following components were identified; ethyl linoleate (64.14%), ethyl palmitate (16.50%), neophytadiene (11.06%) and beta-citronellol (5.09%). The anti-inflammatory activity in the SBEO was examined using RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells stimulated with LPS. As a result, the SBEO inhibited nitric oxide (NO) productions with a dose-dependent manner. In addition, SBEO showed good anti-microbial activities against drug-susceptible and -resistant skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes, which are acne-causing bacteria. Based on these results, we suggest that SBEO has the possibility for use as an anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial agent in cosmetic applications.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.529-535
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• 2014

To examine the levels of preservatives that occur naturally in food, wild plants used as commercial teas, rice cakes, or spices were studied according to the method of the Korean Food Code and analyzed with a gas chromatograph and HPLC. The levels of the natural preservatives (sodium dehydroacetate, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, isopropyl p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, isobutyl p-hydroxybenzoate, butyl p-hydroxybenzoate, and propionic acid) in 21 cases were investigated against 15 kinds of wild plants. Six of 15 kinds of wild plants, such as pine needles, bamboo leaf, kudzu leaf, ramie leaf, mugwort, and nut pine leaf, were confirmed to have had sorbic acid, benzoic acid, and propionic acid. 8.201-21.839 mg/kg of benzoic acid was detected in the bamboo leaf, ramie leaf, pine needles, mugwort, kudzu leaf, and nut pine leaf. The sorbic acid contents of the bamboo leaf and the kudzu leaf were 5.630-24.995 mg/kg, respectively. The propionic acid content of the ramie leaf was 61.324-62.726 mg/kg. Nine kinds of wild plants, such as the Korean berchimia leaf, taro leaf, sasa borealis, lotus leaf, kuansh, chrysanthemum zawadskii, oak tree leaf, Chinese pepper leaf, and persimmon leaf, were not detected at the levels of the natural preservatives.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.308-314
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• 2007

To investigate effects of fermentation on volatile components, we analyzed volatile organic compounds of raw and fermented Rhus verniciflua S. bark. A 50%(w/v) sugar solution was used for fermentation. Volatile organic compounds of raw and fermented Rhus verniciflua S. were extracted by the simultaneous steam distillation and extraction(SDE) method, with a mixture of n-pentane and diethylether(1:1, v/v) and analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. A total of 51 and 27 volatile organic compounds were detected in raw and fermented samples, respectively, and were mainly alcohols. Compounds such as ethyl acetate, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, 3-methylbutanal, 1-octen-3-o1, 3-methyl-2-butanone, hexanal and pentanal were detected as the primary compounds in the raw sample. The fermented sample showed sour different volatile compounds, such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate and 3-methylbutanol. Thus, a number of volatile organic compounds were synthesized after fermentation of Rhus verniciflua S. bark.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2012

The levels of indicator PCBs were determined in 132 human milk samples (Colostrum, 30th days after delivery, 60th days after delivery) collected in 2006 according to World Health Organization's (WHO) protocol. In addition, concentrations of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured by the isotope dilution method with high resolution gas chromatograph/high resolution mass detector (HRGC/HRMS), which gave accurate and precise data for estimations of international trend and comparisons. Average daily intakes (ADIs) of all analytes were calculated. The median level of total indicator PCBs was 14 ng/g lipid, which is significantly lower than the level found in individuals from other countries. PCB congeners 138, 153 and 180 accounted for about 65% of the sum of the indicator congeners analyzed. The concentration of the most abundant PCB 153 is positively correlated with the concentration of the sum indicator PCBs (p<0.001). In this study, concentrations of total indicator PCBs significantly decreased with increasing number of children for a mother, indicating that parity and breast-feeding period an important role in the accumulation and elimination of these compounds in lactating women. The ADI for the median of total indicator PCBs for an infant was evaluated at $0.077{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$ from birth to 6 months of age. The present study shows that concentrations of PCB 118 primipara breast milk have decreased 25~35 since 1998, and that this trend is continuing.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.130-144
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• 2004

Recently, the air pollution in A and B industrial area has become one of the most important issues, then 60 VOCs in the area were measured using a highly sensitive method. The VOCs were adsorbed onto Carbotrap using air sampler and subsequently desorbed by a thermal desorber system into gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (TDS-GC-MS). The peaks of all compounds had good chromatographic properties and offered very sensitive response for the EI-MS (SIM). Method detection limits (MDL) ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 ppt(v/v), and linearities of calibration curves were over 0.995. We analyzed total 90 atmosphere air samples of A and B industrial complex using the method. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, n-hexane, fluorotrichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, styrene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, sec-butylbenzene and naphthalen were identified as the major compounds in the air, and their average concentrations were 0.81, 5.02 1.30, 3.0, 0.81, 37.9, 0.07, 0.15, 0.15, 0.79, 0.06, 0.33, 0.03, 0.12, 0.23, and 0.35 ppb(v/v), respectively. The concentrations of VOCs were low in summer and high in fall or winter. When the concentrations detected in air compare with WHO's norm, no case exceed it.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2016

Background: Construction painters have not been studied well in terms of their hazards exposure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the exposure levels of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) for painters in the construction industry. Methods: Activity-specific personal air samplings were carried out in three waterproofing activities [polyurethane (PU), asphalt, and cement mortar] and three painting activities (epoxy, oil based, and water based) by using organic-vapor-monitor passive-sampling devices. Gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector could be used for identifying and quantifying individual organic chemicals. The levels of TVOCs, by summing up 15 targeted substances, were expressed in exposure-index (EI) values. Results: As arithmetic means in the order of concentration levels, the EIs of TVOCs in waterproofing works were 10.77, 2.42, 1.78, 1.68, 0.47, 0.07, and none detected (ND) for indoor PU-primer task, outdoor PU-primer task, outdoor PU-resin task, indoor PU-resin task, asphalt-primer task, asphalt-adhesive task, and cement-mortar task, respectively. The highest EI for painting works was 5.61 for indoor epoxyprimer task, followed by indoor epoxy-resin task (2.03), outdoor oil-based-spray-paint task (1.65), outdoor water-based-paint task (0.66), and indoor oil-based-paint task (0.15). Assuming that the operations were carried out continuously for 8 hours without breaks and by using the arithmetic means of EIs for each of the 12 tasks in this study, 58.3% (7 out of 12) exceeded the exposure limit of 100% (EI > 1.0), while 8.3% (1 out of 12) was in 50e100% of exposure limit (0.5 > EI > 1.0), and 4 tasks out of 12 were located in less than 50% of the limit range (EI < 0.5). Conclusion: From this study, we recognized that construction painters are exposed to various solvents, including carcinogens and reproductive toxins, and the levels of TVOC concentration in many of the painting tasks exceeded the exposure limits. Construction workers need to be protected from chemical agents during their painting works by using personal protective devices and/or work practice measures. Additional studies should focus on the exposure assessment of other hazards for construction workers, in order to identify high-risk tasks and to improve hazardous work environments.