• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.175-186
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• 2010

This study was designed to evaluate changes in the terpene composition of 3 types of pines (Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii and Pinus rigida), while decomposing their leaf litter. Needle litters were placed at two different organic layer depths, one on the surface and the other beneath the litter layer. Changes in the terpene composition of this litter were detected using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Among the monoterpenes acquired from the fresh needles of P. densiflora and P. rigida, $\alpha$-pinene (12.05% and 19.87%, respectively) was the major one, followed by $\beta$-pinene (2.90% and 14.07%). However, from the needles of P. thunbergii, $\beta$-pinene (20.77%) was the major one, followed by $\alpha$-pinene (10.79%). Among the sesquiterpenes detected in P. densiflora, trans-caryophyllene (3.12%) was the highest composition compound, whereas germacrene-D (6.09%) for P. thunbergii and 1,6-cyclodecadiene (7.41%) and endo-1-bourbonanol (7.41%) for P. rigida were the highest content compounds. However, the total amounts of terpenes decreased sharply by 40-85.4% in all three types of pine needle after 90-120 days of the experiment. The concentration of each terpene differed during decomposition, and the majority of compounds disappeared from beneath the litter layer. It was determined that three types of reducing patterns of each compound appeared on the rate of loss of concentration during decomposition; one pattern decreasing sharply during the initial period, another pattern steadily or slowly decreasing, and a newly detected pattern at low concentration occurring during decomposition.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.70-77
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• 2020

Mentha arvensis is used traditional medicine to treat various disorders. In the present study, M. arvensis were extracted by the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method and analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We investigated the protective effects and mechanisms of a M. arvensis extract on scopolamine-induced cognitive and memory impairment. Mice were orally pretreated with a M. arvensis extract or normal saline, and then behavior tests were conducted 30 min after scopolamine injection. The antioxidant capacities were analyzed by free radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were also measured using Ellman's method ex vivo test. In behavior tests, percent of spontaneous alteration, escape latency and swimming time in target quadrant were improved by the administration of the M. arvensis extract, which suggests that the M. arvensis extract improves memory function in the scopolamine-treated mice model. In addition, M. arvensis extract showed inhibition of the free radical and AChE activity. The results of the present study suggest that the M. arvensis extract ameliorates scopolamine-induced cognitive and memory deficits through the inhibition of free radicals and AChE activity. Therefore, M. arvensis may be a promising neuroprotective agent for management of learning and memory improvements in human dementia patients.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.591-595
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• 1982

In order to know about chemical properties of a commercial organofluoro rodenticide, $Kiratol-F^{(R)}$, this experiment was carried out. Chemicals from different two manufactures were compared with synthetic compound by Gas Chromatograph and NMR-spectrophotometer. The results were as followings; 1. The permitted active ingrdient of Kiratol-F, ${\beta}$-fluoro-ethylacetate, was not identified, but ${\beta}$-fluoroethanol was a new active ingradient. 2. Kiratol-F was a water soluble liquid containing samll amounts of chloroethanol in impurity. 3. Yield of synthetic fluoroethanol was about 50%, but the composition of the reactant was assumed ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-fluoroethanol, and the light condition was better than the dark in yield. 4. It was not become known any breakdown of active ingredient by the different dilutions and time intervals. So, the secondary toxicity of Kiratol-F might be relatively higher than imagination.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 2008

Methyl bromide has been used as a representative fumigant for quarantine, and several poisoning cases have occurred recently by this chemical in Korea. The purpose of this study is to evaluate workers' exposures to airborne methyl bromide in the importing and exporting plant products quarantine companies. Air samples were collected 400/200 mg Anasorb 747TM and were analyzed by gas chromatograph /flame ionization detector according to the Occupational Safety and Health Agency (OSHA) Method PV2040. Geometric mean (GM) and arithmetic mean (AM) of total 27 workers' exposure concentrations to airborne methyl bromide were 1.12 ppm and 0.24 ppm, respectively. Two exposures(12.1 ppm and 12 ppm as 8hr-TWA) of total 27 workers' exposures exceeded the Korean standard (5 ppm) of Ministry Labor, while 4 exposures (15%) exceeded the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) (1 ppm) of American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Seven samples (11%) of total 63 short-term air samples exceeded the OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) 20 ppm (Ceiling). The opening (management) task in wood fumigation by tent showed the highest short-term exposure concentrations (AM: 18.6 ppm, GM: 0.58 ppm, maximum: 340.7 ppm). The maximum level in treatment task of the same process was 2.01 ppm. Methyl bromide concentrations in opening operation was significantly higher than that in treatment operation (p<0.05). In conclusion, the GM of workers' 8hr-TWA exposures to airborne methyl chloride in the importing/exporting plant quarantine industry was estimated below the ACGIH TLV (1 ppm). However, opening task in the fumigation of wood being covered with tent or fumigation of pant products in container showed the levels exceeding ACGIH TLV (1 ppm), and opening task in the fumigation of wood being covered with tent showed the level exceeding the Korean standard of Ministry of Labor (5 ppm).

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.543-555
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• 2006

During a twenty-day period in 2005, a nine-stage Andersen cascade impactor was used to determine the seasonal size distribution of atmospheric particles and its inorganic ion species sampled for 24hr in Iksan city, located southwest of the Korean peninsula. Samples were analyzed for major water-soluble ion species using Dionex-100 ion chromatograph. Average fine and coarse mass concentrations of atmospheric particles were, respectively, 31.4 and $82.6{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$ in spring and 35.8 and $73.4{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$ in fall-winter during the sampling period of 2005, while measurements of 69.8 and 9.9 were obtained in the sampling period of summer, The size distribution of particulate mass concentration during the non-Asian dust period was generally bimodal, whereas the size distribution of particulate mass concentration during the Asian dust period was unimodal due to the significant increase of coarse particles, which originated from long-range transport of soil dust particles from loess regions of the Asian continent. Among ionic species, $SO{_4}^{2-},\;NH{_4}^+,\;K^+$ were mainly distributed in fine particles due to their characteristics of emission sources and gas-to-particle conversion, while $Na^+,\;Mg^{2+}\;and\;Ca^{2+}$ were dominantly in coarse particles. However, $NO_3{^-}\;and\;Cl^-$ were distributed in both coarse particles and fine particles. Although $SO{_4}^{2-}$ was mainly distributed in fine particles, the size distributions of $SO{_4}^{2-}$ in coarse mode were significantly increased during the Asian dust events compared to those during the non-Asian dust period. $Ca^{2+}$ showed the most abundant species in the atmospheric particles during the Asian dust period. $NH{_4}^+$ was found to mainly exist as $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ in fine particles.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.61-64
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• 1976

A survey of the free amino acids and organic acids in the shoot of Phyllostachys edulis was made by means of amino acid autoanalyzer and gas chromatograph. The results of the survey are summerized as follows. 1. Eighteen amino acids found in bamboo shoot were lysine, histidine, arginine, tryptophan, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, threonine, serine, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, tyrosine and phenylalanine, and an unknown was found. Serine showed the highest amount and more than about 44% of total free amino acids. 2. Oxalic acid was the major organic acid, and formic acid, acetic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, citric acid, tartaric acid and sorbic acid were determined, and two unknown were found.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.74-79
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition of 14 kinds of citrus oils and to test their biological activities. Citrus essential oils were obtained by steam distillation from immature fruits collected from Jeju Island and were analyzed using gas chromatograph (GC)-flame ionization detectors (FID) and GC-MS. Limonene (55.4% to 91.7%), myrcene (2.1% to 32.1%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (0.6% to 1.6%) and linalool (0.4% to 6.9%) were the major components in most citrus species. To evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity, all essential oils were tested against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Nine out of fourteen citrus oils exhibited antibacterial activity against P. acnes, but not against S. epidermidis. The effects of the citrus oils on DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide radical anion scavenging, nitric oxide radical, and cytotoxicity were also assessed. Three essential citrus oils, Joadeung, Dongjunggyul, and Bujiwha, exhibited potent inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production. Two essential oils, Dongjunggyul and Joadeung, showed potent free radical scavenging activities in the DPPH assay. For future applications in cosmetic products, we also performed MTT assays in a human dermal fibroblast cell line. The majority of the essential oils showed no cytotoxicity. The results indicate that citrus essential oils can be useful natural agents for cosmetic application.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2017

For the quantitative analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC), the use of a proper solvent is crucial to reduce the chance of biased results or effect of interference either in direct analysis by a gas chromatograph (GC) or with thermal desorption analysis due to matrix effects, e.g., the existence of a broad solvent peak tailing that overlaps early eluters. In this work, the relative performance of different solvents has been evaluated using standards containing 19 VOCs in three different solvents (methanol, pentane, and hexane). Comparison of the response factor of the detected VOCs confirms their means for methanol and hexane higher than that of pentane by 84% and 27%, respectively. In light of the solvent vapor pressure at the initial GC column temperature ($35^{\circ}C$), the enhanced sensitivity in methanol suggests the potential role of solvent vapor expansion in the hot injector (split ON) which leads to solvent trapping on the column. In contrast, if the recurrent relationships between homologues were evaluated using an effective carbon number (ECN) additivity approach, the comparability assessed in terms of percent difference improved on the order of methanol (26.5%), hexane (6.73%), and pentane (5.24%). As such, the relative performance of GC can be affected considerably in the direct injection-based analysis of VOC due to the selection of solvent.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.178-182
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• 1973

Omija (Schizandra chinmensis Baillon) grown widely in Korea has been used as a traditional drink and as an ingredient in herbal medicine. A determination of the proximate composition, organic acids and major anthocyanins in Omija was made. 1. The proximate composition of Omija showed water to be 84.2%, protein to be 1.1%, fats to be 0.9%, reducing sugars to be 10.9% and total anthocyanins to be 0.2% in terms of weight percent of fresh, ripe Omija 2. Gas chromatography showed citric acid(3.5%), malic acid(1.4%) and succinic acid(0.2%) to be the major organic acids of the fruit. 3. The anthocyanins, the major pigments present in Omija were separated and isolated into 3 fractions using column chromatograph on insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone. The main anthocyanin was tentatively identified as peonodin 3-glucoside on the basis of its absorptive properties before and after treatments with acid and $AlCl_3$ in the UV and visible ranges.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.248-253
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• 1992

Volatile flavor components of soybean pastes, manufactured with traditional Meju and improved Meju, were extrated by simultaneous steam distillation-extraction apparatus and concentrated at atmosphere press. The concentrates were investigated GC-sniff evaluation by preparative gas chromatograph, and then analyzed and identified by GC/MS and Kovats retention index. Thirty nine components, including 11 alcohols, 4 aldehydes, 2 pyrazines, 4 acids, 3 fuans, 3 phenols, 3 esters, 3 hydrocarbons, 1 ketone, 5 miscellous ones were confirmed in soybean paste manufactured with traditional Meju. Twenty one components, including 4 alcohols, 2 aldehydes, 2 pyrazines, 2 acids, 1 fuan, 2 esters, 1 hydrocarbon, 2 ketones, 4 miscellous ones were confirmed in soybean paste manufactured with improved Meju. Ten components such as 3-methyl-1-butanol, 4-methyl-3-heptanol, trimethyl-pyrazine, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-furancarboxaldehyde, tetramethyl-pyrazine, benzaldehyde, 3-methyl-butanoic acid, naphthalene, 2-ethyl-3-methyl-oxetane were identified together in soybean pastes manufactured with traditional Meju and improved Meju.