• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.403-406
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• 2009

This study was conducted to develop an effective production of callus induction and plant regeneration system for garlic transformation. The best callus production occurred on in vitro root segment initially cultured on MS medium with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.2 mg/L IAA in both ‘Danyang' and ‘Euseong'. The frequency of callus formation were 81.2% ‘Danyang' and 76.1% ‘Euseong'. Eight weeks after callus induction, callus lines were transferred to regeneration medium during 7 weeks. The best shoot regeneration medium was MS supplemented with 5 mg/L Kinetin and 1 mg/L NAA for ‘Danyang' and MS supplemented with 10 mg/L BAP for ‘Euseong'. The frequency of shoot regeneration were 51.5% ‘Danyang' and 56.6% ‘Euseong' The plantlets were acclimatized and transferred to the greenhouse with almost survival. This in vitro regeneration system should be useful for garlic transformation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 1996.05a
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• pp.117-128
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• 1996

A garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important and useful vegetable such that it is not only most used for spices but also exploited for health foods and pharmaceuticals. The garlic is a kind of vegetable propagated vegetatively through cloves. Therefore, development of new varieties of garlics is possible only through selection breeding because cross breeding is impossible. (omitted)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1515-1521
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• 2016

Anethole and garlic have an immune modulatory effects on avian coccidiosis, and these effects are correlated with gene expression changes in intestinal epithelial lymphocytes (IELs). In this study, we integrated gene expression datasets from two independent experiments and investigated gene expression profile changes by anethole and garlic respectively, and identified gene expression signatures, which are common targets of these herbs as they might be used for the evaluation of the effect of plant herbs on immunity toward avian coccidiosis. We identified 4,382 and 371 genes, which were differentially expressed in IELs of chickens supplemented with garlic and anethole respectively. The gene ontology (GO) term of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from garlic treatment resulted in the biological processes (BPs) related to proteolysis, e.g., "modification-dependent protein catabolic process", "proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process", "cellular protein catabolic process", "protein catabolic process", and "ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process". In GO analysis, one BP term, "Proteolysis", was obtained. Among DEGs, 300 genes were differentially regulated in response to both garlic and anethole, and 234 and 59 genes were either up- or down-regulated in supplementation with both herbs. Pathway analysis resulted in enrichment of the pathways related to digestion such as "Starch and sucrose metabolism" and "Insulin signaling pathway". Taken together, the results obtained in the present study could contribute to the effective development of evaluation system of plant herbs based on molecular signatures related with their immunological functions in chicken IELs.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.383-394
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• 2022

In Japan, the P1 protein (S-type) encoded by leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) isolates detected in Honshu and southward is shorter than the P1 (N-type) of LYSV isolates from garlic grown in Hokkaido due to a large deletion in the N-terminal half. In garlic fields in Hokkaido, two types of LYSV isolate with N- and S-type P1s are sometimes found in mixed infections. In this study, we confirmed that N- and S-type P1 sequences were present in the same plant and that they belong to different evolutionary phylogenetic groups. To investigate how LYSV with S-type P1 (LYSV-S) could have invaded LYSV with N-type P1 (LYSV-N)-infected garlic, we examined wild Allium spp. plants in Hokkaido and found that LYSV was almost undetectable. On the other hand, in Honshu, LYSV-S was detected at a high frequency in Allium spp. other than garlic, suggesting that the LYSV-S can infect a wider host range of Allium spp. compared to LYSV-N. Because P1 proteins of potyviruses have been reported to promote RNA silencing suppressor (RSS) activity of HC-Pro proteins, we analyzed whether the same was true for P1 of LYSV. In onion, contrary to expectation, the P1 protein itself had RSS activity. Moreover, the RSS activity of S-type P1 was considerably stronger than that of N-type P1, suggesting that LYSV P1 may be able to enhance its RSS activity when the deletion is in the N-terminal half and that acquiring S-type P1 may have enabled LYSV to expand its host range.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.86.2-86
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• 1999

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.701-707
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• 2007

This study was to investigate lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activity and DNA damage after exercise, and the protective effect of garlic against exercise-induced oxidative stress. Male Sprague-Dawley rats(4 weeks old) were randomly divided into three groups of 6 rats each; control group(Con) without garlic and exercise, Ex group with exercise alone, and Ex-G group with 2% garlic and exercise. For 4 weeks, rats were given diets containing 15% corn oil and 1% cholesterol with or without garlic. The swimming was selected as a model for exercise performance. Rats swam for 40 min a day, for 5 days a week. Group Ex and Ex-G showed significant lowering in body weight gain and fat accumulation compared to control. No significant changes were observed in levels of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride among three groups, demonstrating that exercise and garlic had no effects on changes of blood lipid. This finding of blood lipid seems to be due to higher plant sterol content in corn oil. The DNA tail moment of lymphocytes showed greater tendency in Ex and Ex-G than in control, but garlic supplements failed to suppress DNA damages. Compared to control, Ex had higher plasma TBARS which was lowered to the control's level in Ex-G with 2% garlic supplementation(p<0.05). Ex-G led to a higher hepatic superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity than control and Ex(p<0.05). Activity of hepatic catalase was also increased in Ex-G, while in Ex it was significantly low(p<0.05). It seemed that TBARS levels were related to the activities of SOD and catalase, and that garlic contributed to increasing the enzyme activities and led to decrease of TBARS. These results demonstrate that lipid peroxidation and DNA damage occur as a consequences of oxidative stress after exercise, and that antioxidant defense against oxidative stress could be enhanced by garlic supplementation through the induction of antioxidant enzymes. However, further investigations should be done on the garlic effect on DNA damage.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1833-1840
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• 2007

Viruses in garlic plants (Allium sativum L.) have accumulated and evolved over generations, resulting in serious consequences for the garlic trade around the world. These viral epidemics are also known to be caused by aphids and eriophyid mites (Aceria tulipae) carrying Potyviruses, Carlaviruses, and Allexiviruses. However, little is known about viral epidemics in garlic plants caused by eriophyid mites. Therefore, this study investigated the infection of garlic plants with Allexiviruses by eriophyid mites. When healthy garlic plants were cocultured with eriophyid mites, the leaves of the garlic plants developed yellow mosaic strips and became distorted. In extracts from the eriophyid mites, Allexiviruses were observed using immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM). From an immunoblot analysis, coat proteins against an Allexivirus garlic-virus antiserum were clearly identified in purified extracts from collected viral-infected garlic plants, eriophyid mites, and garlic plants infected by eriophyid mites. A new strain of GarV-B was isolated and named GarV-B Korea isolate 1 (GarV-B1). The ORF1 and ORF2 in GarV-B1 contained a typical viral helicase, RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRp), and triple gene block protein (TGBp) for viral movement between cells. The newly identified GarV-B1 was phylogenetically grouped with GarV-C and GarV-X in the Allexivirus genus. All the results in this study demonstrated that eriophyid mites are a transmitter insect species for Allexiviruses.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.20 no.1 s.46
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• pp.6-14
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• 1981

The effect of heat or chemotherapeutant treatment on the mosaic virus infected garlic(Allium sativum L.) scales and that of chemotherapeutant added to the culture medium were summarized as following. The treatment of the virus infected garlic scales at $37\~57^{\circ}C$ for 35 days to one hour in water or in air shelved no effort of inactivating the virus. Although treatment of the garlic scales at $62\~72^{\circ}C$ for 90 to five minutes reduced the mosaic symptom on the leaves of the garlic plants grown after the heat treatment, it reduced the growth vigor of the plants so greatly that complete inactivation of the virus in garlics was not feasible. The mosaic symptom on the leaves of garlic plant was reduced when the infected garlic scales were grown after 24 hours soaking in $10\~50\;ppm$ Malachite Green, 2,4-Dichlorophnoxy Acetic Acid, or in $20\~100\;ppm$ Quinhydron. These chemotherapeutants, however, inhibited the growth of garlic plant at the high concentration. Garlic scales soaked in $10\~50\;ppm$ Naphthyl Acetic Acid showed the least mosaic symptom without its complete extiction on the garlic leaves. When incorporated into the modified Murashige-Skoog's medium, $0.5\~l.5\;ppm$ Naphthyl Acetic Acid could inactivate the mosaic virus in newy developed garlic plants showing no mosaic symptom on the leaves, no inclusion bodies and intact nuclei in the leaf tissue cells.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2024

The objective of this study were to assess rooftop urban agriculture and analyze the differences in soil, growth, physiology, and productivity to elucidate the effect of companion planting with various plants, including lettuce (Lactuca sativa), rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus), marigold (Tagetes patula), Korean perilla (Perilla frutescens), and garlic chives (Allium senescens). Measurements were taken every other week from May to August 2023, totaling eight measurement. Regarding the characteristics of the soil planted with lettuce and aromatic plants, the combined planting of lettuce and garlic chives created a favorable soil environment for plant growth. Consequently, the best growth was observed when lettuce and garlic chives were companion planted. Companion planting of lettuce and garlic chives appears to be the most efficient concerning growth and physiology. The productivity of companion planting lettuce and aromatic plants also showed high-quality lettuce when lettuces and garlic chives were companion planted. Therefore, companion planting of lettuces and garlic chives in rooftop urban agriculture is suitable for growth, physiology, and productivity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.584-590
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• 2011

Wound inducible P450-Esg cDNA, one of cytochrome P450 gene family, was isolated from shoot of Euiseong garlic cultivar. P450-Esg cDNA possesses highly conserved heme-binding domain in the nucleotide sequence, and 1,419 bp of open reading frame (ORF) coding of 473 amino acids. Based on the nucleotide sequence analysis of P450-Esg homologous from twelve garlic cultivars, two domains, one domain between 472 to 510 bp, and the other between 1,210 to 1,249 bp from start codon (ATG), showed various nucleotide polymorphism among cultivars. Sequence of heme-binding domain in P450-Esg homologous, which is located at the domain between 1,210 to 1,240 bp from start codon, showed various nucleotide polymorphism as well as amino acid sequence polymorphism among twelve garlic cultivars. Anther domain, between 472 to 510 bp from start codon, showed exactly same amino acid sequence in the twelve garlic cultivars, but there were various single nucleotide polymorphism to the cultivars.