• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.253-258
• /
• 2004

Plant regeneration depending on explant type was inves-tigated with cotyledon, hypocotyl, and leaf explants of garland chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.) cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with various concentrations of SAP and NAA combination. Among the three different types of explants, hypocotyl explants grown on MS medium containing $1.0{\mu}M\;NAA,\;1.0{\mu}M\;BA\;and\;6{\mu}M\;AgNO_3$ produced the highest adventitious shoots (4.67 per explant). Hypocotyl explants not only produced more vigorous shoots, which regenerated aster than the cotyledon and leaf explants. An efficient root formation was observed in MS medium containing $3\%$sucrose. The concentration of NAA did not show significant effects on root formation. Results from this experiment suggested that hypocotyl explants were efficient for the regeneration of garland chrysanthemum.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.29-38
• /
• 1974

In order to study the residual amounts of absorbed organochlorine pasticides in vegetables, heptachlor and endrin were sprayed 2,4 and 6kg per 10a., respectively, before sowing the seeds in the station. The experiemental study is primarily concerned with the absorption in lettuce nad garland chrysanthemum. The absorption of each pesticide into lettuce and garland chrysanthemum, and residual pesticides in soil by timne have been analyzed by the gas chromtographic method, and the ratio of residual pesticides in vegetablesand soil were estimated. Heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and endrin in lettuce nad garland chrysanthemum at the market in Seoul area hvae also analyzed and found extremely low level of pesticides in comparison with the level in above experimental vegetables as well as same vegetables in Japan.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.297-305
• /
• 2008

A series of experiments were conducted to suggest efficient in vitro germination conditions to improve germination rate and aseptic seedling production in chicory and garland chrysanthemum. For this purpose, various levels of NaOCl concentration and soaking treatment time combinations were tasted. Fifteen minutes of soaking treatment with 5% NaOCl solution significantly improved germination and seedling formation percentages and prevented contamination in both chicory 'Precole' and 'Chiavari' and garland chrysanthemum 'Okiku 3'. There was no significant difference in germination response between MS and 1/2 MS medium compositions, but germination and seedling formation were delayed as sucrose concentration increased. Although petri-dish among various culture containers gave rise to improved germination responses in chicory 'Precole', there was no significant difference in germination responses among culture container types in chicory 'Chiavari' and garland chrysanthemum 'Okiku 3'. The ultrasonic treatment stimulated germination and seedling formation in both chicory cultivars but there was no effect in garland chrysanthemum 'Okiku 3'. The results suggested 15 minutes with 5% NaOCl for seed sterilization, 1/2 MS medium with no sucrose and petri-dish as proper medium composition and culture container, and 120 minutes with 5% NaOCl solution of ultrasonic treatment as promoting method for in vitro germination in chicory and garland chrysanthemum.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.41-46
• /
• 2002

Composite vegetable crops grown in greenhouses and open fields in Korea were surveyed from 1995 to 1999. Occurrence of Sclerotinia rot was observed in 123 of 277 lettuce fields, in 11 of 18 head lettuce fields, in 12 of 14 endive fields, and in 4 of 38 garland chrysanthemum fields surveyed during the growing seasons. The disease most severely occurred up to 80% on lettuce. Incidence of the disease was as high as 20% at its maximum on endive and garland chrysanthemum but relatively low on head lettuce. Symptoms of the disease developed on leaves of all the composites, crowns of lettuce and head lettuce, and stems of garland chrysanthemum. Out of 240 isolates of Sclerotinia species obtained from the diseased composites, 169 isolates were identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and the others as S. minor based on their morphological and cultural characteristics. S. sclerotiorum was isolated from all the composites, and S. minor only from lettuce and endive. Eight isolates of S. sclerotiorum and four isolates of S. minor were tested for their pathogenicity to the composites by artificial inoculation. All the isolates of the two Sclerotinia spp. induced rot symptoms on the plants of the composites by artificial inoculation, which were similar to those observed in the fields. The pathogenicity tests revealed that there is no significant difference in virulence of the isolates to the composites and in susceptibility of the composites to the isolates.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.359-362
• /
• 1984

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of cooking methods of boiling and frying on the removal of mercury from vegetables. Garand chrysanthemums and the leaves of young radishes contained 0.23 and 0.15 ppm of mercury, respectively. When they were boiled, the content of the mercury decreases to 78 percent in garland chrysanthemums and 73 per cent in radish leaves. When they were fried, the content of the mercury decreases to 69 percent in garland chrysanthemums and 60 percent in radish leaves. After the vegetables were exposed to 0.11 ppm of mercury dichloride for 2 hours, the raw garland chrysanthemums and the raw young radish leaves were contaminated with 6.65, 6.10 ppm of mercury, respectively. When the vegetables were boiled after this contamination, the mercury was dissolved and. melted out about 10.0%, however, when the vegetables were fried the mercury was dissolved and melted out about $12{\sim}24%$. When the vegetables were exposed to 1.0 ppm of mercury dichloride, the raw garland chrysanthemums was contaminated with 10.79 ppm of mercury and the radish leaves 10.83 ppm of mercury. The mercury was dissolved and melted out about 10-20% and 10-30% when the vegetables were boiled and fried, respectively. From these results, it can be suggested that frying is more effective cooking method than boiling for the elimination of mercury from its contaminated foods.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.169-177
• /
• 1987

Effect of microbiological product manure (Bio-com) on the growth and yield of vegetables and on physico-chemical properties of soil. Leaf lettuce and Garland Chrysanthemum were taken for test plants. A Jungdong (Series) silty loam soil was used for pot experiments. The results are summarized as following: 1. Treatment with Bio-com stimulated plant growth that were increased in the number of leaf, leaf area, plant height and root length both for Leaf lettuce and Garland Cyrysanthemum. 2. Yield increase of 123-1170% was obtained from Bio-com treatments compared to N.P.K.+manure treatment. Application of 2250 kg/10a of Bio-com gave the highest yield. 3. Fertilizer effect of Bio-com appeared much earlier than that of manure. 4. Plant content of $K_2O$ was highest when treated with Bio-com. Plants absorbed considerably more N, $P_2O_5$ and MgO. 5. Content of N, $P_2O_5$ in Garland Chrysanthemum were higher when treated with Bio-com. 6. Content of $P_2O_5$ in soil was at the highest level. Soil pH, content of exchangeable soil Ca and Mg were also high with Bio-com fertilization.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.135-141
• /
• 1992

Effects of various artificial light sources on the growth of Chinese white cabbage, Chinese flat cabbage, lettuce, garland chrysanthemum, and green perilla were investigated. Plants were grown under different treatments for three weeks. Generally, the growth of artificial light treatment were better than natural daylight(ND). The greatest growth and external quality occurred in high-pressure sodium lamp(HPS). In incandescent lamp(IL), fresh weight was heavy, but marketable quality was poor because of succulent(or spindly) growth. Overall, vitamin C content were no difference among treatments. But relative chlorophyll content was somewhat high in HPS.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.613-619
• /
• 2017

This paper presents a CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) code to achieve correct GPU parallel segmented prefix operation results with less than 32 segment length for large data arrays. Mark Harris and Michael Garland had published CUDA code to address the tasks. This paper shows that their code does not generate correct results when the local segment length is less than 32, discusses the cause of the problem, and presents a CUDA code that generates correct results. The segmented parallel prefix operation presented in this paper can be applied as a building block to various large parallel processing algorithms including the k-nearest neighbor search problems.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.46 no.4
• /
• pp.376-379
• /
• 2003

The aerial parts of tile Garland (Chrysanthemum comnarium L.) were extracted in MeOH and solvent fractionated with EtOAc, n-BuOH and water, successively. EtOAc fractions gave three steroid compounds through application of silica gel column chromatographies. The chemical structures of the steroids were determined by the interpretation of several spectral data, including NMR and MS as $stigmast-5-en-3{\beta}-ol\;(1,\;{\beta}-sitosterol),\;stigmast-4-en-6{\beta}-ol-3-one$ (2), $stigmast-4-en-6{\alpha}-ol-3-one$ (3). Compounds 2 and 3 have been so far reported only in the aquatic plants, were isolated for the first time from the land plants.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.95-102
• /
• 2009

The aerial parts of garland (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.) were extracted in 80% aqueous methanol (MeOH) and the concentrated extract was then partitioned using ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH), and $H_2O$, successively. EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions resulted in 4 glycerides with the application of octadecyl silica gel and silica gel column chromatography. The chemical structures of the glycerides were determined using several spectroscopic methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) as (2S)-1-O-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol (1), (2S)-1-O-oleoyl-2-O-oleoyl- 3-O-$\beta$-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (2), (2S)-1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-linoleoyl-3-O-phosphorouscholine-sn-glycerol (3), and (2S)-1-O-linolenoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-[$\alpha$-D-galactopyrasyl-($1{\rightarrow}6$)-$\beta$-D-galactopyranosyl]-sn-glycerol (4). The free fatty acids of these glycerides were determined with gas chromatography (GC)-MS analysis following alkaline hydrolysis and methylation. These glycerides demonstrated an inhibitory effect on acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT, compound 1: $45.6{\pm}0.2%$ at $100{\mu}g/mL$), diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, compound 1: $59.1{\pm}0.1%$ at $25{\mu}g/mL$), farnesyl protein transferase (FPTase, compound 2: $98.0{\pm}0.1%$; compound 3: $55.2{\pm}0.1%$ at $100{\mu}g/mL$), and $\beta$-secretase ($IC_{50}$, compound 4: $2.6{\mu}g/mL$) activity. This paper is the first report on the isolation of these glycerides from garland and their inhibitory activity on ACAT, DGAT, FPTase, and $\beta$-secretase.