• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.153-160
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• 1997

The frequencies of ${\gamma}$-ray-induced micronuclei (MN) in cytokinesis-blocked (CB) lymphocytes at several doses were measured in three donors of human and C57BL/6 mice. Measurements performed after irradiation showed a dose-related increases in MN frequency in each of the donors studied. The relative sensitivity of mouse in spleen lymphocytes (SLs) compared with human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) was estimated by best fitting linear-quadratic model based on the radiation-induced MN data over the range from 0 cGy to 400 cGy. In the case of MN frequency with 0.2 per CB cell, the relative sensitivity of mouse SLs was 1.67. Compared with the radiation-induced MN formation in the PBLs of human, the SLs of mouse were more radiosensitive. Using this MN assay with human PBLs and mouse SLs, studies were performed to determine whether the water fraction of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer) against radiation-induced MN in human PBLs after in vitro irradiation (3Gy) and in SLs of C57BL/6 mice after in vivo irradiation (3Gy). The frequency of MN in human PBLs was reduced by water fraction of ginseng (0.5mg/ml of medium) both pre-and post treatment (p<0.0l) in vitro. In addition, the frequency of MN in mouse SLs was also reduced by pretreatment of ginseng (2mg/ml of drinking water for 7days) in vivo. The data suggested that the ginseng may reduce cell damage caused by ${\gamma}$-rays in vitro and in vivo. Further studies are needed to characterize better the protective nature of ginseng extract, its fractions and compounds.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.246-252
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• 1985

Ginseng proteins were isolated and partially purified to obtain two fractions, namely GI and GII. Radioprotective effects of these fractions were examined on $\gamma$-ray irradiated ICR mice by observing 30-day survival rates after irradiation. Also investigated were the effects of GI fraction on the recovery of radiation damage. As the results, the GI fraction showed strong protection against radiation indicated by the increment of 30-day survival rates, while the GII fraction did not. The GI fraction enhanced the recovery of body and splenic weights and increased the amount of DNA in liver significantly. It also helped to recover the damage done on erythrocytes by increasing the number to normal in short period, however, it had no effect on the recovery of leukocyte counts.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.475-483
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• 2002

We performed this study to determine the effect of Korean favorite teas (green tea, ginseng tea, coffee and barley tea) on jejunal crypt survival, endogenous spleen colony formation and apoptosis in jejunal crypt cells of mice irradiated with high and low dose of ${\gamma}$-radiation. Jejunal crypts were protected by pretreatment of green tea (P.O.: 1.25% water extract, for 7 days before irradiation., I.P.: 50 mg/kg of body weight, at 12 and 36 hours before irradiation, p<0.01) or ginseng (I.P.: 50 mg/kg of body weight, at 12 and 36 hours before irradiation, p<0.05). Green tea (p<0.05) or ginseng (p<0.05) administration before irradiation (I.P. at 12 and 36 hours before irradiation) resulted in an increase of t formation of endogenous spleen colony. The frequency of radiation-induced apoptosis was also reduced by pretreatment of green tea (P.O.: p<0.005, I.P.: p<0.05), pretreatment of ginseng (P.O.: p<0.005, I.P.: p<0.005) or posttreatment of ginseng (I.P.: 50 mg/kg of body weight, at 30 minutes after irradiation, p<0.05). Treatment with coffee or barley tea showed no significant modifying effects on the radiation-induced damages. These results indicated that green tea and ginseng might be a useful radioprotector, especially since it is a relatively nontoxic natural product. Further studies are needed to characterize better the promotion nature of green tea, ginseng and its components.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.297-302
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• 1999

To investigate an alternative technique to phosphine fumigation, being used for controlling storage insects of dried ginseng, comparative effects of gamma irradiation (5 kGy) and fumigation on the content of moisture, saponins, free sugars, and amino acids of commercially-packaged white ginseng were evaluated immediately after and at the 6th month of storage at 20$^{\circ}C$ and 70% RH after both treatments. The initial moisture content (8.44%) of the sample was not changed with the treatments, and maintained the 10% levels of moisture until 6 months of storage. Major ginsenosides were stable to both treatments, but they showed some reduced content in the control and fumigated samples at the 6th month of storage. Gamma irradiation caused some decrease in the content of free sugars and the subsequent storage of the sample resulted in a further reduction in their content in the order of irradiated, fumigated and control samples. Although irradiation and fumigation brought about a decrease in the content of fee amino acids by about 5%, however the storage period for 6 months was shown more influential than the treatments used for the improvement of biological quality in stored white ginseng.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.120-125
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• 1992

This study was prepared to observe the charge of tissues weight, glutamate oxaloacetate transminase(GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transminase(GPT) activities in the liver and kidney treated with red ginseng extract injection in the gamma ray(5.0 Gy) irradiated mice groups were divied in to control, red ginseng extract injection, irradiation after saline injection and irradiation after red ginseng extract injection. The GOT activity showed earlier recovery at irradiation after red ginseng extract injection group than irradiation after saling injection group in the liver and kidney. The GPT activity showed earlier recovery at irradiation after red ginseng extract injection group than irradiation after saling injection group in the liver and kidney. The above result suggest that red ginseng extract have the protection effect on the change of GOT and GPT activity after radiation injury in the liver and kidney.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.435-441
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• 2013

This study investigated the effects of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) on radiation-induced bone loss in C3H/HeN mice. C3H/HeN mice were divided into sham and irradiation (3 Gy, gamma-ray) groups. The irradiated mice were treated for 12 wk with vehicle, KRG (per os, p.o.) or KRG (intraperitoneal). Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, estradiol level, and biomechanical properties were measured. Tibiae were analyzed using micro-computed tomography. Treatment of KRG (p.o., 250 mg/kg of body weight/d) significantly preserved trabecular bone volume, trabecular number, structure model index, and bone mineral density of proximal tibia metaphysic, but did not alter the uterus weight of the mice. Serum ALP level was slightly reduced by KRG treatment. However, grip strength, mechanical property, and cortical bone architecture did not differ among the experimental groups. The results indicate that KRG can prevent radiation-induced bone loss in mice.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.283-293
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• 2011

With the purpose of improving ginsenoside content in adventitious root cultures of Korean wild ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer), the roots were treated with different dosages of ${\gamma}$-ray (5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 Gy). The growth of adventitious roots was inhibited at over 100 Gy. The irradiated adventitious roots showed significant variation in the morphological parameters and crude saponin content at 50 to100 Gy. Therefore, four mutant cell lines out of the propagation of 35 cell lines treated with 50 Gy and 100 Gy were selected on the basis of phenotypic morphology and crude saponin contents relative to the wild type control. The contents of 7 major ginsenosides ($Rg_1$, Re, $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rf, and Rd) were determined for cell lines 1 and 3 from 100 Gy and lines 2 and 4 from 50 Gy treatments. Cell line 2 showed more secondary roots, longer length and superior growth rate than the root controls in flasks and bioreactors. Cell line 1 showed larger average diameter and the growth rate in the bioreactor was comparable with that of the control but greater in the flask cultured roots. Cell lines 1 and 2, especially the former, showed much more ginsenoside contents than the control in flasks and bioreactors. Therefore, we chose cell line 1 for further study of ginsenoside contents. The crude saponin content of line 1 in flask and bioreactor cultures increased by 1.4 and 1.8-fold, respectively, compared to the control. Total contents of 7 ginsenoside types ($Rg_1$, Re, $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rf, and Rd) increased by 1.8 and 2.3-fold, respectively compared to the control. Crude saponin and ginsenoside contents in the bioreactor culture increased by about 1.4-fold compared to that the flask culture.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.179-184
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• 2004

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of ginseng saponins (panaxadiol, ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd) on jejunal crypt survival, endogenous spleen colony formation and apoptosis in jejunal crypt cells of mice irradiated with gamma-ray. ICR mice were given each saponin (i.p. 50 mg/kg of body weight) at 24 hours before irradiation. The radioprotective effects of saponins were compared with the irradiation control respectively. The jejunal crypts were protected by pretreatment with ginsenoside Rc (p<0.05) and Rd (p<0.05). The spleen colony was increased by pretreatment with panaxadiol (p<0.05) and ginsenoside Rd (p<0.05). And the frequency of radiation induced apoptosis was significantly reduced by pretreatment with panaxadiol (p<0.05), ginsenoside Rb2 (p<0.05), Rc (p<0.05) and Rd (p<0.01). These results suggest that ginsenoside Rc, Rd might have a major radioprotective effect.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.171-178
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• 1991

The results ok feeding experiments to the mice with ginseng extract, ginseng Powder, and ADAPTAGEN, for 30 days before X-ray irradiation and for 40 days after the X-ray irradiation at 750 rads were as follow: 1. The 50% lethals days (LD50, ) by the X-ray irradiation were 9 days at 1, 000 rads. 10 days at 900 rads, 11 days at 800 rads, 14 days at 760 rads, and 19 darts at 750 rads. Therefore, the standard radiation dose was set at 750 radb/8 min. 2. The 80% of the control group mice exposed to the X-ray radiation without ginseng feeding died in periods ranging from 14 to 24 days and the 20~30% of the ginseng extract and ginseng powder feeding groups died. But the 100% of the mice fed with ADAPTAGEN survived. 3. Testicles of the control group became smaller in weight than the nomad group by 26.5 to 29.0% and those of the ginseng extract and ginseng powder feeding group reduced by 44.6 to 60.4%. However, testicles of the ADAPTiIGEN feeding group increased in size by 77.4% to 87.1% and in weight by 61%, showing a recovery phenomenon approarhing to those of the ordinary mice. The ADAPTAGEN feeding group mice were also as active in color as the ordinary ones. 4. An electron micrograph(X8, 000X2.2) of the liver cells of the mice which had been 40 days after X-ray irradiation showed as follows; The control group appeared that is physiological action stopped due to the frequent occurrence of morphological change of the nucleus and diffusion of chromosome, reduction in microspores and expansion of microsomts, and endoplasmic change of mitochondria. The liver cells or the ADAPTAGEN feeding group were in a state similar to those of the ordinary mice restoring to normalcy In contrast, the liver cells of the ginseng extract and ginseng powder feeding groups were still far from being normal. 5. A serological analysis showed that the control group sharply decreased in albumin, Y-g1obu1in, and IgG so far as to cause dystrophy and to weaken antibody resistance but that ginseng extract and ginseng powder feeding groups, though in a little more restoring state than the control group, were still far from the normal group. The ADAPTAGEN feeding group restored to a state as comparable to the normal group in the contents of albumin ${\gamma}$-globulin, IgG and serum protein. In order words, it is noteworthy that ADAPTAGEN feeding was effective in revitalizing the destroyed cells of a living body and that it has the function of normalizing antibody components.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2010

Recently, the incidents of direct or indirect radiation exposure due to increase of use of radiation or radioisotope are on the increase in medical and industrial circles. If cells are irradiated, free radicals are created through biological process, and cells are directly or indirectly damaged. This research intends to explore into the effect of saponin at the level of cell (in vitro) and entity (in vivo), using red ginseng extract "saponin", as radioprotective agent. In the experiment implemented at the level of cell (in vitro), degree of cell activity was measures by adding mouse mesenchymal stem cells "C3H/10T1/2 cells" into red ginseng extract "saponin(0, 0.05, 0.2, and 0.4 g/L)", and then the optimal concentration of saponin influencing cells was calculated, in 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after gamma irradiation at the optimal concentration of saponin, each cell survival rate was observed through XTT assay. The best time period of cultivation for the optimal activity of C3H/10T1/2 cells was as 48 hours, and the degree of optimal activity was shown at 0.05 g/L. In 48 hours after irradiation of 5 Gy to C3H/10T1/2 cells at 0.05 g/L, the degree of activity of cells increased by 10%. In the experiment implemented at the level of entity (in vivo), red ginseng extract "saponin" at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day was injected into the abdominal cavity of six-week immature mouse for two weeks. Right after the last abdominal injection, total body irradiation of gamma rays was carried out at a dose of 5 Gy and 10 Gy. And after irradiation, the blood sample was taken, and then the number of red corpuscles was counted. In result, the decrement of experimental group treated with red ginseng extract "saponin" was 2.3 times larger than that of control group. In view of the results so far achieved, it was revealed that red ginseng extract "saponin" has a radiation exposure protection effect in the experiment implemented at the level of cell (in vitro). In case of animal experiment, the decrement of number of red corpuscles decreased. Finally, it is necessary to carry out more various researches continuously.