• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.497-505
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• 2002

연구배경 : 결핵의 방어면역에서 IFN-${\gamma}$는 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. IFN-${\gamma}$ 수용체의 완전결손이 있는 환자는 Mycobacterium 감염에 감수성이 높아서 매우 치명 적이다. 매우 드문 일부 Mycobacterium 감염에서 IFN-${\gamma}$ 수용체의 완전결손 외에 여러 종류의 부분결손들과 STAT1의 돌연변이들이 알려져 있다. 특히, IFN-${\gamma}$ 수용체의 부분결손이 있는 환자들의 경우 병리학적 소견파 임상적 경과가 일반적 결핵과 유사한 소견을 보이는 것으로 알려져 있다. 방 법 : 임상적 결핵환자에서 IFN-${\gamma}$ 수용체의 기능을 평가하여 대조군과 비교하였다. IFN-${\gamma}$ 수용체의 이상이 있을 가능성이 가장 높은 파종성 결핵환자의 DNA에서 앞서 발표된 증례들에서 확인된 IFN-${\gamma}$ 수용제와 STAT1의 유전적 이상을 확인하였다. 결 과 : 말초혈액 단핵구를 recombinant IFN-${\gamma}$ (100, 1000IU/ml)로 자극하였을 때 대조군과 환자군에 모두 HLA-DR과 CD64의 발현이 증가하였으나, 두 군간의 차이는 없었다. 대조군과 환자군에서 모두 LPS자극하였을 때 TNF-${\alpha}$의 생산이 증가하였으며 IFN-${\gamma}$로 전처치 후에 다시 LPS로 자극하였을 때 TNF-${\alpha}$의 생산은 더욱 더 증가하였다. 그러나, 두 군간의 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 파종성 결핵 환자에서 기존에 알려진 IFNgR1과 STAT1의 돌연 변이를 확인하였을 때 특이한 이상소견을 발견할 수 없었다. 결 론 : 임상적 결핵에서 IFN-${\gamma}$ 수용체의 기능적 및 유전적 이상을 확인할 수 없었다. 기존의 연구에서 BCG와 NTM 감염과 관련 있는 것으로 알려진 IFN-${\gamma}$수용체의 이상 만으로는 임상적 결핵의 개체감수성을 설명할 수 없었다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.441-455
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• 2003

광주지역의 지하수는 주로 Ca-$HCO_3$, Ca-Na-$HCO_3$, Ca-Na-$HCO_3$-Cl 유형의 다양한 수질을 보여준다 그러나 광주천인근 지하수는 50mg/L 이상의 비교적 높은 $Cl^-$농도를 보이고, EC는 400${\mu}s$/cm 이상의 값을 나타내며, Ca-Cl 유형의 수질 특성을 보이고 있다. 일부 지역에서는 하천과 인근 지하수 관정 사이의 거리에 따라서 $Cl^-$, $HCO_3^-$/의 농도, EC와 ${\gamma}^{18}O$ 값이 체계적으로 변화하여 하천수의 지하유입이 확인되고 있다. 안정동위원소 연구결과, 광주지역 전체 지하수의 ${\gamma}^{18}O$ 값의 범위는 -9.2∼-5.5${\textperthansand}$ 이나 광주 동남부 고지대에서는 비교적 가벼운 값(>-8${\textperthansand}$)을 나타내나, 저지대 층적층이 분포된 하천 인근 지하수에서는 -6${\textperthansand}$ 보다 무거운 ${\gamma}^{18}O$ 값이 분포 경향을 보인다. 하천 인근에서 채취된 14개 지하수 시료 사이에는 ${\gamma}$D 및 ${\gamma}^{18}D$ 값이 ${\gamma}D{=}7.1{\times}{\gamma}^{18}O$-1의 관계를 보여 증발작용에 의한 동위원소 비평형을 나타내나, 하천수와 인근 지하수의 ${\gamma}^{18}O$값은 일부 지역에서 하천수 유입에 의한 체계적인 분별효과를 나타내기도 한다. 하천 인근 지하수의 DIC(용존무기탄산염)에 대한 ${\gamma}^{13}C$ 값은 -17.6∼15.2${\textperthansand}$로써 매우 가벼운 값을 나타내며, 토양 유기물 기원의 $CO_2$실 영향이 우세한 것으로 확인되었다. $NO_3^-$에 대한 ${\gamma}^{15}N$ 및 ${\gamma}^{18}O$ 값은 각 0∼17.0${\textperthansand}$ 및 6.6∼17.4${\textperthansand}$로써 토양의 질산염, 생활하수 및 분뇨 기원의 질소가 혼합된 것으로 나타나고 있으며 대부분 시료는 탈질 화작용이 약 40∼60%까지 진행되면서 ${\gamma}^{15}N$ 및 ${\gamma}^{18}O$ 값의 체계적인 분별효과가 야기되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.106-110
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• 2009

홍삼추출물(RGE)의 쓴 맛을 개선하기 위해서 ${\alpha}-,\;{\beta}-,\;{\gamma}$-CD을 이용해서 RGE의 포접화합물을 제조하여, 관능평가를 통해서 RGE-${\gamma}$-CD에 의한 쓴 맛 개선효과가 가장 큰 것을 확인하였다. RGE와 ${\gamma}$-CD의 비율에 따라서 쓴 맛은 선형적으로 감소하지만, RGE 고유의 향 조차도 감소하기 때문에, RGE 대비 10%의 ${\gamma}$-CD를 첨가하여 포접화합물을 형성할 때 쓴 맛은 RGE 대비 78% 정도 감소하였고, 홍삼의 향은 62% 정도를 유지함으로써 기호도면에서 우수한 결과를 얻었다. SD계 흰쥐에 RGE, RGE-${\gamma}$-CD10의 제제를 총 사포닌의 투여량이 제제간에 동일하도록 투여한 후, 혈장 중 RGE에 들어있는 주요한 성분으로 알려져 있는 ginsenoside Rg1, Rb1을 지표물질로 설정하여 전 농도를 측정하여 두 제제간의 AUC를 비교한 결과, Rg1의 경우, RGE 제제 투여 후의 평균값이 $13.11{\mu}g{\cdot}hr/mL$, RGE-${\gamma}$-CD10 투여 후의 평균값은 $12.04{\mu}g{\cdot}hr/mL$로 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 한편, Rb1의 경우, RGE 제제로서 투여하였을 때의 AUC 평균값이 $25.84{\mu}g{\cdot}hr/mL$, RGE-${\gamma}$-CD10 투여 후의 평균값은 $81.48{\mu}g{\cdot}hr/mL$로 3배 이상 높아짐을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에 의해 ${\gamma}$-CD로 RGE를 포접했을 경우 쓴 맛이 감소하고, ginsenoside Rb1의 생체이용율이 증가하여 RGE를 그대로 섭취할 경우보다 포접화합물로 섭취 시에 더 유용함을 확인하였다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.410-417
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• 2016

During the lactation cycle of the bovine mammary gland, autophagy is induced in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) as a cellular homeostasis and survival mechanism. Interferon gamma ($IFN-{\gamma}$) is an important antiproliferative and apoptogenic factor that has been shown to induce autophagy in multiple cell lines in vitro. However, it remains unclear whether $IFN-{\gamma}$ can induce autophagy and whether autophagy affects milk synthesis in BMECs. To understand whether $IFN-{\gamma}$ affects milk synthesis, we isolated and purified primary BMECs and investigated the effect of $IFN-{\gamma}$ on milk synthesis in primary BMECs in vitro. The results showed that $IFN-{\gamma}$ significantly inhibits milk synthesis and that autophagy was clearly induced in primary BMECs in vitro within 24 h. Interestingly, autophagy was observed following $IFN-{\gamma}$ treatment, and the inhibition of autophagy can improve milk protein and milk fat synthesis. Conversely, upregulation of autophagy decreased milk synthesis. Furthermore, mechanistic analysis confirmed that $IFN-{\gamma}$ mediated autophagy by depleting arginine and inhibiting the general control nonderepressible-2 kinase (GCN2)/eukaryotic initiation factor $2{\alpha}$ ($eIF2{\alpha}$) signaling pathway in BMECs. Then, it was found that arginine supplementation could attenuate $IFN-{\gamma}$-induced autophagy and recover milk synthesis to some extent. These findings may not only provide a novel measure for preventing the $IFN-{\gamma}$-induced decrease in milk quality but also a useful therapeutic approach for $IFN-{\gamma}$-associated breast diseases in other animals and humans.

• BMB Reports
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.97-102
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• 2000

Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C-${\gamma}1$ (PLC-${\gamma}1$) is a pivotal mediator in the signal transduction cascades induced by many growth factors. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) was identified as a PLC-${\gamma}1$-binding protein. A co-immunoprecipitation experiment, using anti-PLC-${\gamma}1$ antibody, demonstrated an in vivo interaction between Hsp90 and PLC-${\gamma}1$ in the NIH-3T3 cells. The interaction in NIH-3T3 was unaffected by the PDGF treatment, inducing phosphorylation and activation of PLC-${\gamma}1$. Direct interaction between Hsp90 and PLC-${\gamma}1$ was confirmed by in vitro binding experiments using purified Hsp90 and PLC-${\gamma}1$. Furthermore, Hsp90 increased the $PIP_2$-hydrolyzing activity of PLC-${\gamma}1$ up to 2-fold at $0.1{\mu}M$ in vitro. Taken together, we show for the first time, the interaction of PLC-${\gamma}1$ with Hsp90, both in vivo and in vitro. We suggest that Hsp90 may play a role in PLC-${\gamma}1$-mediated signal transduction.

• BMB Reports
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.331-336
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• 2012

The retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptor gamma ($ROR{\gamma}$) plays critical roles in regulation of development, immunity and metabolism. As transcription factor usually forms a protein complex to function, thus capturing and dissecting of the $ROR{\gamma}$ protein complex will be helpful for exploring the mechanisms underlying those functions. After construction of the recombinant tandem affinity purification (TAP) plasmid, pMSCVpuro $ROR{\gamma}$-CTAP(SG), the nuclear localization of $ROR{\gamma}$-CTAP(SG) fusion protein was verified. Following isolation of $ROR{\gamma}$ protein complex by TAP strategy, seven candidate interacting proteins were identified. Finally, the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) were confirmed to interplay with $ROR{\gamma}$ by co-immunoprecipitation. Interference of HSP90 or/and RIP140 genes resulted in dramatically decreased expression of CYP2C8 gene, the $ROR{\gamma}$ target gene. Data from this study demonstrate that HSP90 and RIP140 proteins interact with $ROR{\gamma}$ protein in a complex format and function as co-activators in the $ROR{\gamma}$-mediated regulatory processes of HepG2 cells.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.139-146
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• 2005

A model of advection-dominated accretion flows has been highlighted in the last decade. Most of calculations are based on self-similar solutions of equations governing the accreting flows. We revisit self-similar solutions of the simplest form of advection-dominated accretion flows. We explore the parameter space thoroughly and seek another category of self-similar solutions. In this study we allow the parameter f less than zero, which denotes the fraction of energy transported through advection. We have found followings: 1. For f > 0, in real ADAF solutions the ratio of specific heats ${\gamma}$ satisfies 1 < ${\gamma}$ < 5/3 for O ${\leq}$ f ${\leq}$ 1. On the other hands, in wind solutions a rotating disk does not exist. 2. For f < 0, in real ADAF solutions with ${\epsilon}$ greater than zero ${\gamma}$ requires rather exotic range, that is, ${\gamma}$ < 1 or ${\gamma}$ > 5/3. When -5/2 < ${\epsilon}$' < 0, however, allowable ${\gamma}$ can be found in ${\gamma}$ < 5/3, in which case 4{\Omega}_0$,_ is imaginary. 3. For a negative $u_0$,+ with f > 0, solutions are only allowed with exotic ${\gamma}$, that is, 1 < ${\gamma}$ or ${\gamma}$ > (5f/2-5/3)/(5f/2-1)when O < f < 2/5, (5f/2-5/3)/(5f/2-1) < ${\gamma}$ < 1 when f > 2/5. Since ${\epsilon}$' is negative, 4{\Omega}_0$,+ is again an imaginary quantity. For a negative $u_0$,+ with f < 0, ${\gamma}$ is allowed in 1 < 7 < (5|f|/2 + 5/3)/(5|f|/2 + 1). We briefly discuss physical implications of what we have found.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2010

Poly-gamma-glutamic acid ($\gamma$-PGA) is a mucilaginous and biodegradable compound produced by Bacillus subtilis from fermented soybeans, and is found in the traditional Korean soy product, cheongkukjang. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of $\gamma$-PGA from a food source on the concentration of the neurotransmitter GABA and its metabolic precursor glutamate in diet-induced obese rats. Eight-week old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=60) were used. The rats were divided into two groups and obesity was induced by providing either a 10% control fat or 45% high fat diet for 5 weeks. The rats were then blocked into 6 groups and supplemented with a 0.1% $\gamma$-PGA diet for 4 weeks. After sacrifice, brain and serum GABA and glutamate concentrations were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. The rats fed the high fat diet had significantly increased body weights. $\gamma$-PGA supplementation significantly increased serum concentrations of glutamate and GABA in the control fat diet groups while this effect was not found in the high fat groups. In the brain, glutamate concentrations were significantly higher in the $\gamma$-PGA supplemented groups both in rats fed the normal and high fat diets than in the no $\gamma$-PGA controls. GABA concentrations showed the same tendency. The results indicated that $\gamma$-PGA intake increased GABA concentrations in the serum and brain. However, the effects were not shown in obese rats.

• 폴리머
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.168-173
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• 2000

자유 라디칼 개시제인 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN)을 사용하여 1,4-dioxane 용매하에서 N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAM)와 methyl methacrylate (MMA)를 공중합하였다. 온도에 따른 NIPAAM과 MMA의 반응성비를 알아보기 위해 각각 50, 60, 7$0^{\circ}C$에서 중합하여 전환율이 10 wt%이하가 되도록 반응을 정지시켰다. 단량체 반응성비는 Finemann-Ross법으로 구하였으며, 그 값은 5$0^{\circ}C$에서는 ${\gamma}$$_2$=0.259, ${\gamma}$$_2$=2.782, 6$0^{\circ}C$에서는 ${\gamma}$$_1$=0.271, ${\gamma}$$^2$=0.819, 그리고 7$0^{\circ}C$에서는 ${\gamma}$$_1$=0.286, ${\gamma}$$_2$=2.915로 나타나, 반응온도가 높아질수록 ${\gamma}$$_1$, ${\gamma}$$_2$ 값이 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 반응온도와 반응성비와의 관계로부터 활성화에너지의 차를 구할 수 있었으며, 그 결과 반응성비는 온도 의존성이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2017

Gamma (${\gamma}$)-oryzanol is a substance abundant in rice, which is widely cultivated in Asian countries. In this study, we evaluated the effect of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol treatment on proliferation and apoptosis of AGS human gastric carcinoma cells. AGS cells were treated with ${\gamma}$-oryzanol for 72 h in a dose dependent manner. Treatment of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol (50, 100, and $200{\mu}g/mL$) resulted in decreased AGS cell proliferation and increased number of cells in the sub-G1 population. Additionally, apoptotic cells were investigated by annexin V staining and mitochondrial membrane potential assays. Our results indicated that ${\gamma}$-oryzanol treatment increased the number of annexin V-positive cells and depolarized cells. This demonstrated that ${\gamma}$-oryzanol is effective for the induction of apoptosis in AGS cells. We next examined the expression of promising anticancer drug target molecules, including PTEN and HSP90. We found that treatment of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol induced the expression of PTEN in AGS cells. Under the same treatment conditions, ${\gamma}$-oryzanol reduced the expression of HSP90 in AGS cells. These results suggest that ${\gamma}$-oryzanol-induced apoptosis was accompanied by changes in regulation of PTEN and HSP90 in AGS cells. Taken together, ${\gamma}$-oryzanol could be used as a functional substance for the prevention of gastric cancer.