• 식물병과 농업
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.90-94
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• 1999

Effect of inoculum concentration inoculation method and plant age on development of clubroot disease of Chinese cabbage seedling were examined in growth chambers. Root galls were developed at the concentration of 105 resting spore or above per ml of incoulum and as the inoculum concentration became higher rate of development of root galls was faster. In the plants with root gall development fresh weight of above ground parts was reduced to 30-44% of that of healthy plants but root weight increased by 4-10 times. Growth of diseased plants was greatly reduced as compared to healthy plants. Planting in the diseased soil as a inoculation method was most effective for disease development showing uniform infections but time of initial root gall development was delayed by root soaking inoculation. Some plants inoculated by soil drenching method did not develop root galls. However root gall enlargement after its initial formation did not differ greatly among inoculation methods. Nine-day-old seedlings showed poor development of root gall but 16-days-old seedlings was found to be most adequate for inoculation for gall development.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.499-503
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• 2020

Clubroot symptoms were frequently observed on the roots of Baecheongchae plants grown in vinyl greenhouses of a farmer located in Yangpyeong area of Korea during a disease survey in June 2019. The incidence of diseased Baecheongchae plants ranged from 30 to 90% in the vinyl greenhouses investigated. Many resting spores were found in the tissue of root galls collected. The resting spores were hyaline and spherical and measured 2.5-4.2 ㎛ in diameter. Three inoculum suspensions of resting spores prepared from the root galls were inoculated to the roots of healthy Baecheongchae plants. All the inoculum suspensions caused clubroot symptoms to appear on the roots of the inoculated Baecheongchae plants. The symptoms on the roots induced by artificial inoculation were similar to those observed in the plants of the vinyl greenhouses during the disease survey. Resting spores of the pathogen were recovered from the root galls of the inoculated plants. Three root gall isolates obtained from the inoculated plants were used for molecular identification. Comparing the isolates to the Plasmodiophora brassicae strains in GenBank, the amplification products demonstrated 100% similarity with the internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) sequences. The clubroot pathogen was identified as P. brassicae according to its morphological, pathological, and molecular characteristics. This is the first report of P. brassicae causing clubroot in Baecheongchae.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.287-294
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• 1999

저자들은 1998년 4월부터 10월 사이에 전북 전주시 인근의 고덕산에서 붉나무(R.javanica)에 오배자면충(S. chinensis)의 충영이 형성되는 과정을 조사하였다. 오배자 충영의 대다수(56.8%)는 붉나무 잎의 첫 번째 익엽(pinnate), 24.3%는 두 번째 익엽에 형성되었다. 충영은 6월 1일에 형성되기 시작했으며 6월 24일까지는 서서히 자랐다. 충영은 8월 11일 이후에는 급격하게 커졌으나, 성장률은 8월 26일 이후에는 감소하고 9월 8일 이후에는 성장이 정지되었다. 유시태생암컷(alate viviparous female)은 9월 24일 이후에 충영으로부터 탈출하였다. 간모(충영내의 제 1 세대)는 세 번 탈피하여 6월 24일에 성체가 되었다. 간모 성체는 체내에 1∼10개의 알을 가지고 있었고 1∼16개체의 제 2세대 약충을 출산하였다. 제 2세대의 약충은 6월 17일에 나타나기 시작하여 7월 14일에 알을 내포하는 개체가 출현하기 시작하였으며 7월 24일에 완전히 성숙하였다. 제 2세대의 성체는 체내에 알을 간직하고 있었다. 그러므로 제 2세대의 발육 기간은 27∼37일이었다. 제 3세대의 약충은 7월 14일에 나타났고 최종적으로 유시태생암컷(alate viviparous female)은 9월 24일에 발육되었다. 제 3 세대의 시작과 최종 유시태생 암컷의 출현 사이의 두 달 동안에는 최소한 두 세대 즉, 제 3, 제 4 세대가 존재해야 할 것이다. 제 4 세대는 8월 20일 경에 시작될 것인데 왜냐하면 8월 26일의 충영내 면충 개체수(2,859마리)는 8월 19일의 개체수(263마리)보다 10배 이상 증가되었기 때문이 다. 충영의 탄닌 함량은 65.04∼68.23%이었고 한편 붉나무 잎과 줄기에서의 함량은 각각 11.56, 3.49%였다.

• 한국식물병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물병리학회 2003년도 정기총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.70.2-70
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• 2003

To evaluate the resistance to crown gall in grape rootstocks, cuttings from twenty seven grape rootstocks were inoculated with Agrobacterium vitis Cheonan 493 and size of galls from grapevines was measured in a greenhouse. Tumors were formed in all varieties of grape rootstocks tested in this study and no grape rootstock variety was immune to crown gall. Tumors were found on the stems of all plants tested in '196-17'and '41B' Based on measuring size and weight of galls formedon the stem of grape rootstocks, '779P' was extremely susceptible to crown gall. Some varieties such as 'Gloire', '140R', '101-l4M', '3309C', and '333EM' found to be resistant, while '99R', '1447P', 'Rupestris du lot', '110R', 'Freedom', and '41B'were susceptible and '1103P', '5C', '420A', 'Golia', and '5BB' were moderately susceptible to crown gall.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.96-101
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• 1996

A new natural product, 3,4,8-trihydroxybenzopyranopyran-6,9-dione was isolated from the aqueous ethanolic gall extract of Tamarix aphylla (Tamaricaceae) along with the known phenolics, monodecarboxyellagic acid and brevifolin carboxylic acid as well. The structures have been established by ESI-MS, $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectral analysis. Antiinflammatory, antipyretic and ulcerogenic activities determination for both plant (Tamarix aphylla and Phragmites australis) were carried out on aq. ethanolic of extracts.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.207-210
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• 2008

In March of 2003, tumors (galls) were observed on ginseng seedling roots in ginseng seedbeds at Yeoju, Gyeonggi province, Korea. Symptoms were spherical or galls with about 0.5-1.0cm in diameter formed on the upper through middle parts of the primary roots. Bacterial isolates obtained from the root galls were Gram-negative, rod-shaped with peritrichous flagella, aerobic, not forming yellow or orange colonies on nutrient glucose agar, yeast extract-dextrose $CaCO_3$ agar and nutrient-broth yeast extract agar, non-fluorescent on King's B agar, and non-spore forming, which were identical to characteristics of the genus Agrobacterium. They were identified as Agrobacterium tumefaciens with 0.732-0.993 similarities in 100% probability by the Biolog analyses. The 16S rRNA gene partial sequences of the six isolates tested (Genbank Accession EF486308-EF486313) were 100% homologous to those of other A. tumefaciens strains (GenBank accession AF501343, AY701900, AY701898, AY701899). The above results confirmed that this bacterium is A. tumefaciens. Pathogenicity of the bacteria was proved by the inoculation test on carrot root discs and tomato seedlings. This is the first description of A. tumefaciens causing root gall in ginseng seedling. The disease occurred locally and sparsely, but considering its appearances in seedbeds suggests that the ginseng root gall may become a threat to ginseng in Korea.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.103-107
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• 1971

구기자응애 (Eriophyes kuko Kishida)의 침입 기생에 의하여 구기자나무(Lycium chinense Mill)의 잎에 형성되는 혹(Mite gall)의 성장에 따르는 표피세포와 핵의 크기를 측정하는 동시에 핵산(DNA, RNA)의 함량(함량으로 표시되느 농도분포)을 현미분광측정기(Microspectrophotometer)로 측정한 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 혹이 성장함에 따라 표피세포와 핵이 커지며 건전한 것보다 크게 된다. 2. DNA의 함량(함량으로 표시되는 농도분포)은 혹이 형성되는 초기에는 별로 변동이 없는 것 같으나 성장한 혹에 있어서는 건전한 것보다 오히려 증가하는 경향이 보였다. 3. RNA의 함량(함량으로 표시되는 농도분포)은 혹이 형성되는 초기부터 중기까지는 일시 적으로 증가하는 것 같으나 혹이 성장하게되면 건전한 것보다 오히려 감소되는 경향이 보였다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.17-31
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• 1972

우기자혹응애 (Eriophyes kuko KISHIDA)의 기생에 의하여 구기자 나무 (Lycium Chinens MILL) 잎에 형성되는 흑 (mite gall) 의 행태적 변화를 광학현미경 및 전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 광현적 관찰 : 구기자혹응애가 구기자나무의 어린잎의 뒷면 표피세포에 침입되면 먼지 표피세포가 이상비대를 하면서 혹이 형성되기 시작한다. 혹이 성장함에 따라 붕상조직과 해면상조직의 세포도 이상비대를 하게되고, 점차적으로 각 조직의 세포는 이상비대로 인한 불규칙한 형태적 변화를 일으켜 조직의 구별이 힘들게 된다. 이상비대한 혹세포의 핵은 건전세포의 핵보다 크며, 혹이 성장함에 따라서 핵의 크기도 커진다. 2. 전현적 관찰 : 혹이 성장함에 따라 혹세포의 mitochondria, golgi-apparatus. plastid 등은 퇴 화 및 붕괴되고, 특히 큰 흑의 이상비대한 혹세포에는 성상체 (star body) 와 환상 (ring form) 의 구조등이 나타난다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.108-112
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• 2017

To isolate and identify the constituents of the fruit galls of Actinidium polygama as well as evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of the isolated compounds, a total of five triterpenes were isolated including $2{\alpha},3{\alpha},24$-trihydroxy-12-ursene-23-al-28-oic acid (1), corosolic acid (2), $2{\alpha},3{\alpha},24$-trihydroxyurs-12,20(30)-dien-28-oic acid (3), $2{\alpha},3{\alpha},24$-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (4), and $2{\alpha},3{\alpha},24$-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (pygenic acid B) (5). Compounds 1, 3, and 4 were isolated from the fruit galls of A. polygama for the first time. Compound 3 decreased NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and mouse microglia BV2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.44-52
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• 2023

Objectives: Dental caries is one of the most prevalent human diseases worldwide. The disease initiates with bacterial adherence to the tooth surface followed by the formation of dental plaques. Mutans streptococci and Candida albicans are principal oral microorganisms involved in the initiation and development of dental caries. Phytochemicals have been shown to possess promising antimicrobial properties against a wide range of microorganisms and can be used for the prevention and treatment of dental caries. Herein, we reviewed literature on plants that are traditionally used for their antimicrobial properties or possess promising anticariogenic activity. We selected aerial parts of Scrophularia striata (S. striata) and galls of Quercus infectoria (Q. infectoria) and investigated their antimicrobial activity against cariogenic microorganisms. Methods: Water soluble fractions were obtained from hydroalcoholic extracts of S. striata and Q. infectoria and their antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus), and Candida albicans (C. albicans) was evaluated separately and in combination. The extracts were then used for preparing an herbal mouthwash whose stability and tannic acid content were evaluated over 60 days. Results: Q. infectoria gall extract possesses efficient antimicrobial activity that was synergistically enhanced in the presence of S. striata extract. Mouthwash prepared using these extracts showed desirable organoleptic characteristics, antimicrobial activity, and stability. Conclusion: Extracts of S. striata and Q. infectoria galls can be used together for preparing dental products with effective anticariogenic properties. Our study highlights the importance of extensive pharmacological investigations when using herbal products alone or in combination with other chemical substances.