• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.266-271
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• 2011

Physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal content of soils located along the drainage way of an abandoned mine at Busan, Korea ($35^{\circ}31'N$, $129^{\circ}22'E$) (contaminated soil; CS) and uncontaminated soils (50-70 m apart from the drainage way) (NS) were examined. Growth of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicom cv. Rutgers) in CS and NS, development of the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) as root-knot gall formation on tomato plants, and non-parasitic nematode populations in soil were also examined. Growth of tomato plants, root-knot gall formation, and non-parasitic nematode populations were significantly reduced in CS with higher As content, lower pH, higher electrical conductivity (EC), and lower available phosphate (av. $P_2O_5$) than in NS. None of the other physicochemical characters examined differed significantly between CS and NS (low and no significance) and were above or below the critical levels detrimental to plant growth and nematode development, suggesting that As may be the primary hazardous heavy metal in CS. The toxicity of As might be enhanced at low pH in CS because exchangeable forms of some heavy metals increase with the decrease of soil pH. The heavy metals, especially As, may have contributed to increasing EC and decreasing av. $P_2O_5$. Therefore, the effects of mine drainage contamination from the abandoned mine were derived primarily from contamination by heavy metals such as As. These may have been enhanced in toxicity (solubility) by the lowered pH, increased soil salinity (EC) and decreased av. $P_2O_5$. Our results suggest synergistic adverse effects on the plant and the nematode by decreasing osmotic potential and nutrient availability.

• Plant Disease and Agriculture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 1999

In 1997 surveys 82 out of 180 crucifer fields were infected with clubroot disease in a range of 1-100% of diseased plants and among crucifier crops Chinese cabbage was the most severe, In cropping systems Chinese cabbage-monocropping of Chinese cabbage-radish were found to be most common in major Chinese cabbage production areas. Welsh onion squash or paddy rice were also planted between cropping of Chinese cabbage. Paddy fields converted to upland were lowered in incidence of clubroot disease and fields with loam to silty loam soil were more severe in disease than those with sandy soil. Soil pH and organic contents were nor related to clubroot disease severity. Soil fauua such as total fungi bacteria actinomyces Pseudomonads and Bascillus were not correlated with severity of the disease. Root rall development on Chinese cabbage seedlings was initifially observed under a microscope 13 days after inoculation with Plasmodiophora brassicae but 18 days by naked eyes after inoculation. Root galls were formed mostly around collar roots and gradually spread to main root lateral roots and secondary root branches. Root galls started to enlarge greatly in size and weight from 23 days after inoculation. Chinese cabbage plants at mid-growth stage with root gall development were reduced to 1/2 of that of healthy plants in number of leaves 1/4-1/5 in above ground fresh weight 1/6 in root length but increased to 3 times in diameter of collar root. Diseased plants had little root hairs. Diseased Chinese cabbage plants at harvest were reduced by 9,1-11.8% in head weight compared to healthy plants a positive correlation was observed between root and head weight but those relationships were rot found in the diseased plants.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.76-77
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• 2003

Olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae and early juveniles were reared for 43 days after hatching in order to observe the effects of starvation during development and metamorphosis. Morphological, histological and biochemical measurements were made to assess the nutritional condition during growth and starvation from pre-matamorphic through post-metamorphic phases. Two groups of fish were compared ; one with sufficient food supply and one under continuous starvation until death. Among morphometric analyses, both ratios of body height at anus/head height and pre-/post-anal lengths appeared to be sensitive to starvation during which substantial reduction was observed within a day of food deprivation. Histological variables as intestinal and rectal epithelial heights and gall bladder volume changed significantly with onset of starvation. The gut epithelial heights of starving fish decreased with advances in starvation, although they fluctuated during mid-metamorphic phase. In contrast, gall bladder volume increased remarkably soon after starvation. Ontogenetic changes in both gut epithelial height and gall bladder volume were evident, those associated with settlement and/or completion of metamorphosis. Abrupt decrease in the RNA/DNA ratios of starving fish were found right after onset of starvation. Even in the fed fish marked fluctuations in its ratios during metamorphosis were observed, evident by decreasing from late-metamorphic to post-metamorphic stages. These findings suggest that a combination of morphologically and histologically sensitive characteristics, and biochemical measurement could be utilized as a measure to evaluate nutritional condition related to starvation in wild olive flounder larvae and juveniles.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 1999

The frequency of gall formation by pine needle gall midges ranged from 35% to 40% in both P. densiflora and P. thunbergii species. However, there was no indication of gall development from larva on both P. virgiana and P. rigida species suggesting that some specific compounds might play role in preventing gall formation of larva. The susceptible species to pine needle gall midges including P. densiflora and P. thunbergii contained a little salicylic acid under the free phenolic compound conditions while the resistant species against such insects including P. virginiana and P. rigida species contained about 37ppm to 50ppm of salicylic acid. Thus, this compound might have important roles in insect resistance. The contents of internal salicylic acid in the needles of susceptible pines increased from 9.5ppm to 20.6ppm after direct external irrigation of salicylic acid solution and flour treatment on roots. As a result, the frequency of gall formation decreased dramatically 17~19 times lower when compared with that of control. According to our results, the application of salicylic acid for effective prevention against insect damages should be performed before hatching eggs. The frequency of gall formation in the hybrid pines of P. thunbergii(susceptible) and P. virginiana(resistant) showed approximately 24% as average value of those in both species. In the case of specific individuals, it ranged from 2.8% to 11.5% in hybrids of both species. Therefore, effective production of insect resistant pines can be obtained through hybrids by crossing between susceptible and resistant species including P. thunbergii and P. virginiana by increasing internal salicylic acid contents of the needles.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.18 no.2 s.39
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• pp.111-116
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• 1979

The experiments were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of some insecticides in the control of the pine gall midges (Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye) when the low-volume of the insecticides were applied by the mist foliar sprayer. The insecticides, Salithion $(24\%\;Ec)$, Omethoate $(Folimat^{(R)}\;50\%\;Ec)$, Monocrotopos $(Azodrin^{(R)}24\%\;Ec)$, Acephate $(Ortran^{(R)}\;50\%\;Wp)$, Metalkamate $(Bux^{(R)}24\%\;Ec)$. BPMC $(Bassae^{(R)}50\%\;Ec)$ and MIPC $(Mipcin\;50\%\;Wp)$ were tested with 100, 200 and 400 times of water solution on the basis of single application at the six different intervals. Salithion was the most effective for the pressure of the gall formation by the pine gall midges and Omethoate, Monocrotophos and Metalkamate were relativey effective and others no effective. The most reliable concentration of the insecticides was 100 times of water solution, and the feasible timing of insecticide application on the basis of single application would be from May 9 to July 1 with Salithion, June 6 with Metalkamate and June 20 with Omethoate and Monocrotophos. The number of pine needles with the larval injured signs (no larvae in the needles) excluded the gall-formed needles were relatively higher in the treatments of Omethoate, Salithion and Monocrotophos than other insecticides. The treatments of Omethoate, Salithion and Monocrotophos caused the lower larval population in the gall than other insecticides.

• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.9 no.1_2
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• pp.6-11
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• 2004

Gall development of Nurudea yanoniella on Rhus japonica and emergence of alatae from galls were studied in Jeonju. The galls were formed in late June to late October and slit open in late October 1999. The maximum length and width of galls marked were measured weekly during the period from gall formation to opening. The length and width of galls increased exponentially until mid August. After the 12 September the gall stopped developing Fundatrices (the first generation within the gall) began to larviposit on 24 June and the second generation developed in July to September. The alatiform of the second generation arrived at the final stadium in late September. Consequently, there were at least 4 generations within the galls. Alatae escaped from galls in early October. Correlation between gall and leaf growth indicated that fundatrix might act as a gall forming factor and 2nd-4th generations growing factor. A new species to Korean fauna, Nurudea shirai (Matsumura 1917) was found during this study.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.2923-2928
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• 2015

Background: Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) has been stated as an Indian disease, with the highest number of cases being reported from certain districts of northeast India, which has an ethnically distinct population. Unfortunately there are no scientific reports on the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of the disease from this region. Aim: The present study evaluated the role of differential expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in the development of gall bladder anomalies. Materials and Methods: Blood and tissue samples were collected from patients undergoing routine surgical resection for clinically proven cases of gallbladder disease {cholelithiasis (CL, n=50), cholecystitis (CS, n=40) and GBC (n=30) along with adjacent histopathologically proved non-neoplastic controls (n=15)} with informed consent. Whole blood was also collected from age and sex matched healthy controls (n=25) for comparative analysis. Differential hTERT mRNA expression was evaluated by semi-quantitative rt-PCR and real-time PCR based analysis using ${\beta}$-actin as an internal control. Evaluation of differential hTERT protein expression was studied by Western blot analysis and immunoflourescence. Statistical analysis for differential expression and co-relation was performed by SPSSv13.0 software. Results: Gallbladder anomalies were mostly prevalent in females. The hTERT mRNA and protein expression increased gradiently from normal

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2014

In total, 170 carrot lines developed in Korea were screened for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita race 1 to select parental genetic resources useful for the development of nematode-resistant carrot cultivars. Using the gall index (GI), gall formation was examined on carrot roots inoculated with approximately 1,000 second-stage juveniles of the nematode 7 weeks after inoculation. Sixty-one carrot lines were resistant (GI ${\leq}1.0$), while the other 109 were susceptible (GI > 1.0) with coefficient of variance (CV) of GI for total carrot lines 0.68, indicating low-variation of GI within the lines examined. The histopathological responses of two carrot plants from resistant and susceptible lines were examined after nematode infection. In susceptible carrots, giant cells formed with no discernible necrosis around the infecting nematodes. In the resistant carrot line, however, no giant cells formed, although modified cells were observed with extensive formation of necrotic layers through their middle lamella and around the infecting nematodes. This suggested that these structural modifications were related to hypersensitive responses governed by the expression of true resistance genes. Therefore, the Korean carrot lines resistant to the nematode infection are potential genetic resources for the development of quality carrot cultivars resistant to M. incognita race 1.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.165-172
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and antiobesity activities of various color resources extracted from natural plants such as, clove, persimmon, gall nut, amur cork, gardenia, safflower, and annatto. Total phenolic content was the highest in gall nut extract (2,441.45 mg/kg) followed by clove extract (1,346.48 mg/kg). DPPH, and ABTS radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were also higher in gall nut extract. ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase inhibitory activity ($IC_{50}$) was highest in persimmon extract ($22.83{\mu}g/mL$) followed by gall nut extract. ${\alpha}$-Amylase and lipase inhibitory activities were also higher in persimmon extract (49.45% and 61.01%, respectively). Lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells was lower in persimmon, clove, and annatto extracts (81.54%, 83.36%, and 85.70% at $20{\mu}g/mL$, respectively). Triglyceride content in 3T3-L1 cells was lowest in clove extract (66.11%) followed by persimmon extract (88.88%). The results of this study suggest that gall nut extract has the highest antioxidant activity, whereas persimmon and clove extract show the antiobesity activities by inhibition of digestive enzymes and fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. These extracts are useful materials for the development of antioxidant and antiobesity functional foods.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.254-260
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• 2001

After investigating the developmental process of galls forming on leaf of Zelkova serrata and analyzing the composition and contents of the free amino acids in leaves, galls and haemolymph of aphids, we have come to the following results. Galls induced were mostly distributed on the middle of lower part of leaf to the petiole along vein and most of investigated leaves had one gall only. The growth of galls continued in length and width until Paracolopha morrisoni habitants which transformed into alate adult left the gall. These results also indicate that galls are closely connected with a portion of plant tissues as well as foods and habitats of aphids. 26${\sim}$29 kinds of free amino acids such as proline, alanine and valine and so on, detected in leaves, gall and haemolymph of aphids. The composition of free amino acids were similar in three materials examined, but proline and asparatic acid showed the highest quantity in the leaves and falls, respectively. In case of aphids, alanine was extremely higher as 18.4% of total contents of free amino acids, in 1st instar of fundatrix stage. Total contents of free amino acids in the apteral adult stage of aphid were also increased than in the 1st instar stage. This investigation implies that nitrogen source such as free amino acids is apparently a major growth-material like carbohydrates during development of galls in Zelkova serrata.