• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.231-234
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• 1991

In the present investigation we have studied the effect of bear's gall on mammalian cells and demonstrated that COS-7 cells, which were derived Monkey kidney cells, had shown almost same extent of growth with 78 hrs in 10% FCS Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium with bear's gall and without bear's gall. But the hybridoma cells which were fused murine myeloma cells and the rat spleen cells for monoclonal antibody production died almost within 48 hrs. To investigate the effect of biosynthetic mechanism, cDNA were transfected to COS-7 cells, and it was shown that cDNA-transfected COS-7 cell had produced 30-40% less the amount of recombinant protein than the medium without bear's gall.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 1994

Trunk implantation method of phosphamidon 50% Lq.is commonly applied to control the pine needle gall midge (Thecodiplosis laponensts Uchida et Inouye) Since trunk implantaion is normally practiced during the late Spring, it is often difficult to accommodate necessay labor in mral area. As an alternative, aerial spraylng of less toxic ~nsecticide was designed. Usage of less toxic insecticide in the aenal control of pine needle gall midge can reduce the damage to forest ecosystem. The buproferin, one of the insect growth regulator, was selected at d~fferent rate of dilutions and the treatments effects ruere evaluated at different date and time When 50 t~mes diluted solution of buprofezin 40% SC was treated on different period, there was no significant difference in dficacies. the control efficacies of buproferin 40% SC was measured by occurrences (%) of gall formation of the pine needle gall midge using a ultra low volume (ULV) sprayer and the dilutions of 10X 30X and 50X of buprofez~n 40% SC gave efficacies. 72.4. 57.6 and 8.4, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.2
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• pp.244-250
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• 1996

The objectives of this paper were to study the existence of resistant substance to pine gall midge from needles of Pinus densiflora, P. thunbergii, P. virginiana, and P. thunbergii${\times}$P. virginiana, and also to investigat whether terpenoids, fragrant substance contained in those species seduce or evade imago of pine gall midge to oviposit. Also, terpenoids and phenolic compounds were bioassayed on larva. The results are follows. Adults of pine gall midge oviposited indiscriminately all investigated pine species, while gall formation rate by pine gall midge showed 0% in Pinus virginiana, 9% in P. thunbergii${\times}$P. virginiana, 22% in P. thunbergii. It is suggested that young larvae is necrotized by resistant substance in the needles of P. virginiana. This results might mean that fragrant substance, terpenoids, extracted from pine species is not seducible or evadable substance. Larvae of pine gall midge placed on terpenoid and resin were not necrotized. The necrosis rate of larvae of pine gall midge cultivated in the solution of phenolic compounds extracted from needles of P. virginiana, salicylic acid and chitinase showed 89, 92, and 86% respectively. And necrosis rate was 56 and 59% in phenolic compounds extracted from P. densiflora and gallic acid respectively. So, it is postulated that phenolic compounds contained in needles of P. virginiana, salicylic acid and chitinase are resistant substance to pine gall midge.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.174-179
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• 1997

The antimicrobial and GTase(Glucosyltransferase) inhibition activity were investigated for solvent fractions of Gall-nut, variety of fork drugs and Red-grape husk water extracts. Among them, Gall-nut and Red-grape husk water extracts were selected for the powerful antimicrobial and GTase inhibition activity. The methanol fractions of Gall-nut and Red-grape husk were showed very powerful antimicrobial activity on both B. subtilis and E. coli. The MIC(Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) of gall-nut methanol fraction were 1.0mg/ml for B. subtilis and 3.0mg/ml for E. coli. Red-grape husk were 2.0mg/ml for B. subtilis and 3.0mg/ml for E. coli. The methanol fractions of Gall-nut and Red-grape husk were showed very powerful Gtase inhibition activity. The concentrations of these fractions for 80% inhibition of GTase activity were 1.08$\times$10-3mg/ml and 1.08$\times$10-2mg/ml, respectively. The principal compound for the antimicrobial and GTase inhibition activity in tese extracts seems to be polyphenol derivatives.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 1975

Forecasting of emergence period of the pine gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis U. et I.) is important for the chemical control of the pest. In order to determine the phenosignal of the emergence period of the pine gall midge, the flowering time of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) at Seoul, Gwangnug, Jounju and Gyungju districts in Korea was investigated. 1. The emergence period of the pine gall midge lasted from end of May until end of June. The emergence of the pine gall midge coincided with the beginning of flowering of black locus at every districts in Korea. 2. The peak of emergence of the pine gall midge lasted from the full blooming period until the end of the flowering period of the black locust. 3. The period of adult emergence of pine gall midge was also found to be associated with the full blooming period of Viburnum sargentii (Caprifeliaceae). Rosa mulliflora (Reseaceae) and Iris ensata (Iridaceae) at Seoul in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.33-40
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• 1998

The phenolic acids in needles of five pine species such as Pinus densiflora, P. thunbergii. P. virginiana. P. rigida. and P. koraiensis were analyzed seasionally (March, June, September and December) in order to investigate the resistant factors against pine gall-midge(Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye). The interrelation of resistance to pine gall-midge and the content of phenolic acids in pine needles was investigated in the artificial hybride pine species. The contents of salicylic acid in susceptible species (P. densiflora and P. thunbergii) to pine gall-midge which watered with salicylic acid solution in a pot was determined. The results can be concluded as follows, 1. There was a little change in total phenolic constituents of resistant and susceptible pines seasonally. The each content of benzoic acid, salicylic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid in June was the highest through four seasons. 2. In June, resistant species showed higher content of salicylic acid than susceptible species, while the content of gallic acid was the highest in December. 3. Among the 21 artificial hybrids(P. densiflora ${\times}$ P. virginiana. P. thunbergii ${\times}$ P. virginiana), the hybrides of the higher salicylic acid content showed the lower rate of pine gall formation. 4. Pine gall formation of the susceptible species which were watered with salicylic acid solution remarkably decreased.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.75-80
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• 2006

Crown gall on rose was observed in greenhouse during year 2003-2005. The disease incidence was up to 28.3% and the disease was the severer in hydrophonics culture than that in soil. The typical gall symptom occurred mainly on the root and crown resulting in poor foliage, stunting, and fewer blossoms. Sixty-three rose cultivars were inoculated with Agrobacterium. tumefaciens isolated from rose crown gall, to evaluate rose cultivar-specific resistance. The size of galls from inoculated rose stems was measured in a greenhouse test. Tumors formed in almost varieties of rose inoculated. Based on the frequency of tumor occurrence and weight of galls formed on the stem of rose, it was shown that 'Little Marble', 'Golden Gate' and 'Rosa Rox-ette' were extremely susceptible to crown gall. Some varieties such as 'Little Silver' appeared to be resistant to the crown gall.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.50-53
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• 2001

Severe crown gall disease was occurred in green house cultivating rose in Jinchen, Chungbuk recently. Although it causes problem on rose cultivation, the growers do not have many choices of control measures for the disease now. Agrobacterium radiobacter K84 has been known as a strong antagonist against A. tumefaciens, a pathogen causing crown gall disease, and used as a biopesticide for crown gall in many countries since it had been introduced in 1972. We tested control activity of A. radiobacter K84 for the crown gall disease on rose. Spray of A. radiobacter K84 suspension on above ground of rose either before or after pathogen spray reduced size and fresh weight of galls significantly. Size and fresh weight of galls on roses inoculated with pathogen either before A. radiobacter K84 spray (pathogen-K84 treatment) or after A. radiobacter K84 spray(K84-pathogen treatment) were 4 to 5% of those of galls on roses inoculated pathogen only. Disease incidence of plants inoculated pathogen only was 85% whereas disease incidence of pathogen-K84 or K84-pathogen treatments were 6.7% and 5.0% respectively. Dipping of roots of rose in suspension of A. radiobacter K84 was also reduced size of galls and diseased rate significantly. These results indicate that A. radiobacter K84 is effective in the prevention of gall formation by A. tumefaciens and it can be used to control of crown gall disease of rose.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.3
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• pp.372-380
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• 1996

This study was carried out to study the resistant substances to pine needle gall midge and seasonal variation of phenolic compounds in pine needles among susceptible and resistant species to pine needle gall midge. Free and water soluble phenolic compounds contained in pine needles showed seasonal variations among pine species. But, catechol, vanillic acid and syringic acid including phenolic compounds showed no variation between pine species, even the amount of those component varied by the seasons. Salicylic acid in pine needles showed 140ppm in Pinus virginiana, 35ppm in Pinus thunbergii and 72ppm in hybrid pine, Pinus thunbergii${\times}$P. virginiana, but traces in Pinus densiflora on May and June, hatching season in larvae of pine needle gall midge. There was high level of salicylic acid in resistant species to pine needle gall midge but traces in susceptible species. As our previous researches, the necrosis rate of larvae of pine needle gall midge showed high level on the solution of phenolic compounds extracted from needles of P. virginiana and salicylic acid, and there was no gall formation in P. virginiana, so that salicylic acid in pine needles seems to have relation with those results. Therefore, it is estimated that salicylic acid is resistant substance to pine needle gall midge.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 1983

Some aspects of the change in the rate of gall formation on the red pine, Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zuccarini, by the pine needle gall midge, Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye, were investigated at the coastal area in Chung Nam-Do from 1977 to 1982, and were analyzed with the nationwide survey data for 2 years from 1980 to 1981. The results obtained were as follows; the gall formation rate in several areas was compared between two consecutive generations. Four regression equations were established, with X as the gall formation rate in N year and Y as that in (N+1) year: 1) Y=11.2+1.15X (r=0.833) for the stands facing north on the phase of insect population increase, 2) Y=14.3+0.82X (r=0.739) for the stands facing south on the phase of population increase, 3) Y=7.3+0.46X (r=0.478) for stands facing north on the phase of population decrease and 4) Y=11.4+0.19X (r=0.086) for stands facing south on the phase of population decrease. After invasion of the pine needle gall midge into a red pine forest, gall formation rate increased for 6 consecutive generations and then decreased to low level within a period of another 6 years.