• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2006

The main purposes of this study were to find the correlation between walking ability assessment tools using the Modified Barthel Index (MBI), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Spinal Cord Injury Measurement II (SCIM II), Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury (WISCI), walking velocity, and walking endurance. The study population consisted of 56 patients with spinal cord injury referred to the department of Rehabilitative Medicine in the National Rehabilitation Hospital. All subjects were ambulatory with or without an assistive device. All participants were assessed by MBI, FIM, SCIM II, WISCI, walking velocity, and walking endurance. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis and X2. There was significant correlation between the MBI, FIM, SCIM II, WISCI, walking velocity, and walking endurance (p<.01). In particular, WISCI has a significant correlation with SCIM II(p<.001). Therefore the WISCI scale is an appropriate assessment tool to predict the gait ability of patients with spinal cord injury. Further study about MBI, FIM, SCIM II, WISCI, walking velocity, and walking endurance is needed using a longitudinal study design.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.215-219
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• 2003

In this paper, we generate a trajectory minimized the energy gait of a biped robot for walking a staircase using genetic algorithms and apply to the computed torque controller for the stable dynamic biped locomotion. In the saggital plane, a 6 degree of freedom biped robot that model consists of seven links is used. In order to minimize the total energy efficiency, the Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA) is used. Operators of genetic algorithms are composed of a reproduction, crossover and mutation. In order to approximate the walking gait, the each joint angle is defined as a 4-th order polynomial of which coefficients are chromosomes. Constraints are divided into equality and inequality. Firstly, equality constraints consist of position conditions at the end of stride period and each joint angle and angular velocity condition for periodic walking. On the other hand, inequality constraints include the knee joint conditions, the zero moment point conditions for the x-direction and the tip conditions of swing leg during the period of a stride for walking a staircase.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1033-1047
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• 1989

A finite element method for the analysis of magnetic fields with hysteresis characteristics is proposed. The method employs Preisach model to describe hysteresis of magnetic material, so that even multi-branch or minor-loop characteristics can be taken into account. The problem can be considered as the analysis of a nonlinear equation where magnetization depends not only on the present value of the magnetic field but also on the past values, and the problem can be solved by the iteration method. Measurements were carried out on soft ferrite EI core for the comparison with computer solution, and good agreements were obtained. is investigated. A theoretical approach to gait study is proposed in which the static stability margins for periodic gaits are expressed in terms of the kinematic gait formula. The effects fo the stride length on static stability are analyzed and the relations between static stability and initial body configurations are examined. It is shown that the moving velocity can be increased to some extent without affecting stability margins for a given initial body configuration. Computer simulations are performed to verify the analysis.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.47-51
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are any differences, with and without a toe spreader (TS), in dynamic foot pressure distribution in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Methods: Dynamic foot pressure recording using the RSscan system were obtained during walking in 12 participants (male=7, female=5) with and without TS. Mean force was measured for four different plantar regions; great toe, forefoot, midfoot, hindfoot. Displacement of center of pressure (COP), velocity of COP displacement and stance time were also measured during gait. Results: TS walking exhibited statistically significant decrease of mean force under great toe and forefoot (p<0.05), compared with a barefoot walking. Also, TS walking exhibited statistically significant increase of antero-posterior displacement of COP (p>0.05). Conclusion: These findings indicate the potential clinical utility of toe spreader to correct dynamic foot pressure during stance phase in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of clinical characteristics of chronic stroke patients on physiological cost index (PCI) during walking. Fourteen stroke patients participated in this study. To investigate the clinical characteristics, Fugl-Meyer score (FMS), gait velocity (GV), muscle strength of the knee extensor, modified Ashworth scale (MAS) of ankle plantar flexor, devices, and gait patterns during walking were measured and analyzed. The results were as follows: Firstly, use of devices and high MAS of the ankle plantar flexor significantly increased PCI. Secondly, PCI was significantly correlated with the FMS and MAS of the ankle plantar flexor. In conclusion, inhibition of spasticity of the ankle plantar flexor is considered to reduce PCI during walking for chronic stroke patients.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.1830-1833
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• 2019

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) causes not only pain during walking but also walking disorders. Therefore, intervention for older patients with OA is important. Objective: To study investigated the effects of kinesio taping (KT) on pain and walking ability in elderly persons with knee OA. Design: One group, pre-post design Methods: This study enrolled 12 community-dwelling elderly people with knee OA. KT was applied on the surrounding structures, including the patellar and bilateral lateral ligaments. Assessment was made using the visual analog scale and GAITRite system to measure pain and walking ability during KT and non-KT conditions. Results: In this study, compared to the non-KT condition, the KT condition showed a significant improvement in walking ability and pain reduction during walking (velocity, cadence, step length, and stride length) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that knee KT has a positive effect on pain reduction and walking ability of the elderly with OA.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.99-106
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• 2007

The gait instability in the elderly has been associated with age-related deterioration in physical strength and reducing the potential for elderly falls requires regular exercise. In 2005, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control(NCIPC) reported that most elderly falls occur during activities in daily living(ADL). To better reveal biomechanic mechanisms underlying age-related degeneration in gait stability, and to enhance the assessment of falls risk, an accurate quantification of a person's balance maintenance during locomotion is needed. Instantaneous orientation of the line connecting COP and COM can characterize whole body position with respect to the supporting foot during gait and the angle between this line and the vertical line passing through the COP known as a good assessment to detect the elderly gait instability. Therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate a 6-month walking exercise effects in reducing elderly fall risk factors by using COP-COM inclination angles. Twenty-two community-dwelling elderly participated this study. The participants performed a walking exercise(3 times/week, 1 hour/visit) for 6 months. Laboratory kinematics during walking was assessed at months 0, 3 and 6. Significant increased in gait velocity was found among periods(p=.011, $1.25{\pm}.03$, $1.32{\pm}.03$, and $1.39{\pm}.04\;m/s$ in 0-, 3-, and 6-month, respectively). Also, significant differences in anterior and posteriror inclination angles were found among the periods(p<.05; posterior inclination angles: $12.8{\pm}2.2$, $11.0{\pm}2.9$, & $10.9{\pm}1.9$; anterior inclination angles: $13.7{\pm}1.7$, $14.6{\pm}3.2$, & $1.46{\pm}.21$ in 0month, 3month, & 6month, respectively). These findings provide evidence of significant reduced fall risk factors of community-living older adults associated with a systematic walking program.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.77-86
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the variations in gait parameters in terms of the type of arm sling used in hemiplegic patients. Ten patients with hemiplegia and ten healthy adults participated in this study and walked at self-selected speeds on a GAITRite-instrumented carpet. The activities of the opposite shoulder girdle muscle including the latissimus dorsi, anterior deltoid, and posterior deltoid were simultaneously recorded using surface EMG during gait. They were randomly assigned a condition: without an arm sling, a single strap arm sling, a Harris hemi arm sling, a Rolyan humeral cuff arm sling, and a Bobath roll arm sling. The following gait variables were analyzed: the temporo-spatial parameters of velocity, step length, stride length, swing phase, stance phase, single support, step time and toe in/toe out. The statistical analysis was one-way ANOVA with repeated measures to compare the variation of each variable. In comparison of parameters in each trial in the hemiplegia group, the non-affected side stride length, single support, and toe in/toe out resulted in statistically significantly changes (p<.05). But without an arm sling group did not show any gait parameter differences with arm slings. This study found that several arm slings varied gait patterns in patients with hemiplegia and in healthy adults. In the EMG analysis, the Rolyan humeral cuff arm sling and the Bobath roll arm sling were higher muscle activity for the latissimus dorsi muscle than did the single strap ann sling. Further study should examine the problems that appeared in patients who worn arm slings by focusing on a larger number of subjects and by studying the variety of responses in more detail using an assessment tool that measures variation.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.9-18
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• 2008

Purpose: We determined the effect of global synkinesis(GS) on gait ability, muscle contraction, and central neuron action potentials in post-stroke hemiplegic subjects. Methods: Thirty hemiplegia patients were evaluated for walking ability, muscle contraction, central neuron action potential, and comparing differences between the H-GS(high-global synkinesis) group and L-GS(low-global synkinesis) group. To obtain the GS level, surface electromyography(EMG) data were digitized and processed to root mean square(RMS). Walking ability was tested with a modified motor assessment scale(MMAS), a 10 m walking test, timed up and go(TUG) test, and a Fugl-Meyer assessment(FMA). Muscle contraction ability was measured as maximal isometric contraction(MIC) peak, MIC slope, and MIC ramp up using mechanomyography(MMG). Central neuron action potential was measured as the H/Mmax ratio or V/Mmax ratio using EMG. The data were analyzed with t-tests to determine the statistical significance. Results: MMAS(p<0.01), 10 m walking velocity(p<0.01), TUG(p<0.01), FMA-HKA(Hip, Knee, Ankle)(p<0.05), FMA-coordination(p<0.05), MIC peak (p<0.05), MIC slope(p<0.01), and MIC ramp up(p<0.05) were significantly different between H-GS and L-GS, as was the V/Mmax ratio(p<0.05), but H/Mmax was not. Conclusion: Lower GS levels indicated better walking ability and motor function. Therefore, intervention programs should consider GS levels in gait training of chronic hemiplegia.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.10-17
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine the therapeutic effect of slope changes of the treadmill with body weight-supported training on gait characteristics in patients with hemiplegia. The volunteered subjects were divided into 3 groups based upon slope changes: control group ($0^{\circ}$ incline), $7^{\circ}$ group ($7^{\circ}$ incline), $12^{\circ}$ group ($12^{\circ}$ incline), They were trained the body weight-supported treadmill training (BWSTT) for 8 weeks. All subjects were supported up to 40% of their body weight on the treadmill training and the support was gradually decreased to 0~10% as the subjects were adapted to the training. There were significant improvements of walking velocity, step length of the affected side, the asymmetry ratio of step length in $7^{\circ}$ group (57.80 cm/s, 67.25 cm, .14), $12^{\circ}$ group (71.00 cm/s, 71.00 cm, .11) than control group (40.62 cm/s, 55.00 cm, .74) (p<.05): there were no differences between $7^{\circ}$ group and $12^{\circ}$ group in the all outcomes (p>.05). Both $7^{\circ}$ group and $12^{\circ}$ group scored higher than the control group in those outcomes and finally the effects of slopes changes of the treadmill were effective on gait characteristics of patients. But it s till remains undetermined what degree on the treadmill might be better to train the hemipareric patients. Therefore, more studies are required to look into minutely the changes of slopes of the treadmill influencing on gait characteristics.