• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.83-93
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• 2008

In order to save labor and cost, direct seeding has been considered as an important alternative to the machine transplanting in rice cultivation. Current direct seeding machines for rice in Korea drill irregularly under various operating conditions. This study was conducted to develope a precision seeder which enables the accurate, even-spaced in row placement of rice seeds at uniform depths of 3-4 cm on dry paddy. Design, construction and performance evaluation of the precision seeder were carried out. The tractor rear-mounted type 8-rows precision seeder which performs seeding in addition to fertilizing, ditching, and rotary tilling works on dry paddy was developed. Main components of the seeder were ditcher and leveller, rotary tiller, powered roller type furrow opener, seeding device, powered roller type furrow covering and firming device, hydraulic unit, seeding speed control system, power transmission system, hitch and frame. Ditching, furrow opening, and seed covering and firming performances were good and seeding depths of 2-4 cm could be maintained. Planting accuracies and planting precisions were within 13.6%, and 31.2%, respectively, for planting space of 15 cm, and seeding velocity of 0.5 m/s. These mean variations of average planting space were within 2.1 cm, and 90% of seeds in a hill were seeded within 4.7 cm of hill length, respectively. Error ratios between setting planting space and measured average planting space were shown within 6.7%. Therefore the seeder showed good planting performance up to seeding velocity of 0.5 m/s in field tests. And field capacity of the seeder was about 0.28 ha/hour.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.133-140
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• 2009

Objectives : Miso facial rejuvenation acupuncture is a Korean medical treatment technique for face lifting. The authors aimed to evaluate the effects of Miso facial rejuvenation acupuncture on facial skin furrows. Methods : 11 patients who made first visits to Hyo-Jun Korean Medical Clinic from October 1, 2009 to October 25, 2009 were each given one-time treatment of Miso facial rejuvenation acupuncture treatment. A portable fluorescent dermal diagnostic equipment, ECOSKIN, was used to measure extraocular skin furrows and perioral skin furrows width and depth before and after treatment. Results : Mean width and depth of both the extraocular and perioral skin furrows decreased after one-time Miso facial rejuvenation acupuncture treatment. Extraocular skin furrow width, depth, and perioral skin furrow width showed statistically significant decreases(p=0.003, 0.017, 0.041 respectively). Conclusions : Mean depth and width of both the extraocular and perioral skin furrows decreased after receiving Miso facial rejuvenation acupuncture treatment. Miso facial rejuvenation acupuncture may be an effective treatment for improving wrinkles in clinic.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.86-91
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• 1995

This experiment was conducted to understand the response on sowing rates at furrow sowing of rice in paddy field. As sowing rates was increased, the number of seedling stand per$m^2$ was icreased, while panicie number per plant was decreased slightly. Leaf area at heading stage and effective tiller ratio were decreased with increasing of sowing rates, but heading date was not defferent among sowing rates. According to sowing rates was increased, culm length, panicle length, breaking strength, culm diameter were decreased, while lodging index was increased. Also, field lodging was observed in the higer sowing rates over 5kg/l0a. Althougth the panicle number per $m^2$ was increased with increasing of sowing rates, spike let per panicle and percent of filled spikelet were decreased. According to the result from the path coefficient analysis, percent of filled spikelets well identified to be the most influential variables on the variability in rice yield, so that improving percent of filled spikelets by inhibition of field lodging was the important matter to increase the yield. The optimal sowing rate and the number of seedling stand were estimated to be 4.5kg/l0a and 105 per $m^2$ respectively.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2014

Purpose: Monitoring and control of environmental condition is highly important for optimum control of the conditions, especially in greenhouses and plant factories, and the condition is not uniform within the facility. Objectives of the study were to investigate variability in soil water content and to provide information useful for better irrigation control. Methods: Experiments were conducted in a strawberry-growing greenhouse (greenhouse 1) and a cherry tomato-growing greenhouse (greenhouse 2) in winter. Soil water content, electrical conductivity (EC), and temperature were measured over the entire area, at different distances from an irrigation pump, and on ridge and furrow areas. Results: When measured over the entire greenhouse area, soil water content decreased and temperature and electrical conductivity increased over time from morning to afternoon after irrigation. Water content decreased by distance from the irrigation pump up to 70 m and increased after that, and temperature showed an inverse pattern. Soil water contents on the ridge were lower than those on the furrow, and the differences were 10.2~18.4%, indicating considerable variability. The lowest EC were observed on the furrow and highest values were observed on the ridge. Soil water contents were less and temperature levels were greater at the window side than in the center locations. Conclusions: Selection of number and location of soil water content sensor would be the first step for better water content monitoring and irrigation control. Results of the study would provide basic data useful for optimum sensor location and control for underground greenhouse environment.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2012

The geomorphic properties of potholes at Naerin River, Inje-gun are analyzed to discover the geosites of DMZ geopark in Gangwon-do. The furrow-type potholes along the river flow are mainly found in the P1 and P2 sites. The P3 site can be divided in to the zones where the furrow-type potholes densely distribute and various types of potholes are scattered, while the various types of small potholes are scattered in the P4 site. After measuring the 44 potholes, the potholes with a U-shaped cross-section, similar directivity with river flow and deposited gravels with in them show large values in length, width, depth and slope. Because the P1 and P2 sites are characteristic in the scales and forms of potholes and show beautiful scapes, it can be suggested that they are suitable for the geosite developments.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.427-432
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• 2016

Nitrous oxide is one of the main sources of greenhouse gases and its concentration has increased from 273 ppb in 1,750 to 315 ppb in 2005. Specially, nitrogen fertilizer used in agricultural soils is considered as an important source of atmospheric $N_2O$ emission. This study was conducted to estimate the difference of nitrous oxide emission as chamber position on furrow and ridge and crop existence in gas sampling chamber on upland. Four treatments used in this experiment were (1) no-fertilizer without crop in chamber on ridge, (2) fertilizer application without crop in chamber on ridge, (3) fertilizer application with crop in chamber on ridge, (4) fertilizer application without crop in chamber on ridge and furrow. Nitrous oxide emission at fertilizer application with crop in chamber on ridge were the highest while were the lowest at no-fertilizer without crop in chamber on ridge. There was no significant difference of nitrous oxide emission by chamber position, but total emission by crop existence in chamber was significant difference. Therefore, in order to estimate greenhouse gases emission using chamber method in upland, it should be considered in correlation with crop existence in chamber and characteristic changes like as the soil moisture, microbial flora by crop growth stage.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2011

This study investigated the effect of soil mulching materials and methods on weed occurring for the growth and flowering characteristics in Gypsophila plants cultivation. For mulching materials were used black polyethylene (PE) film, black polypropylene (PP), and green polypropylene, and these were mulched in both ridge and furrow (BRF) or only furrow, respectively. The weed was occurred total $146.2g/m^2/yr$ as dry weight in non-mulching, but $4.1{\sim}4.2g/m^2/yr$ in BRF mulching by black or green PP. Also weed control were yearly required 27.9 persons/10a in non-mulching, whereas 2.4 persons/10a in BRF mulching by black or green PP. Flower budding and blooming were roughly delayed in non-mulching and furrow mulching. Flowering characteristics such as flower stalk length, primary branches number, and stem firmness were remarkably improved in BRF mulching of black or green PP. Cut flower yield was increased on black BRF mulching or green PP in summer cultivation, while green PP BRF mulching showed better yield in in autumn cultivation. Mortality rate of Gypsophila plants after summer season was lowest as 12.4% in furrow mulching with black PP, followed by about 19.0% in green PP mulching, but highest as 39.0% in BRF mulching with black PE film. Rosette formation rate was lower in furrow than BRF mulching, and was lowest as 13.1% in BRF mulching with green PP, followed by 15.2~15.8% in BRF mulching with black PE film or black PP. So it was thought that BRF mulching with green PP was highly effective in weed control and improvement of yield and cut flower quality in Gypsophila plants cultivation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.706-711
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• 1997

Low supply of water is generally the most serious factor limiting rice production. The experiment was conducted to identify the reasonable method for minimum irrigation under ridge direct seeding on dry paddy, at National Honam Agricultural Experiment Station, RDA in 1996. The results showed that the reduction ratio of irrigation water was high in order of furrow irrigation at 15-day>furrow irrigation at 10-day>flooding irrigation at 10-day>, and furrow irrigation at 5-day intervals. However, milled rice yield was high in the furrow irrigation at 5-day intervals and in flooding irrigation at 10-day intervals due to high ripened grain as compared with other treatments indicating two treatments were the most reasonable irrigation methods in terms of saving the labor cost and water supply as well as the admittable yield performance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1996.05a
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• pp.36-37
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• 1996

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1995.05a
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• pp.54-55
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• 1995