• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
• /
• v.1 no.3
• /
• pp.157-164
• /
• 1985

Some interactions in various soil conditions, numbers of microbial populations, root rot disease development and rates of spore germiation in three different location of soils were investigated. The calcium and magnesium contents were higher in replanted fields of ginseng (Panax ginseng) at Goesan. Potassium contents were high in replanted field at Poonggi and textural class of the soils was silt loam except for silt clay loam in first cultured field of ginseng at Goesan. For the germination process of Fusarium solani, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, and Alternaria panax, the percentage germination of fungal spores was high in double distilled water and Pfeffer's solution as media, whereas the lower rate of germination of spores was observed in soil extracts. Numbers of bacteria were high in replanted field soil at Gumsan, and propagules of fungi in replanted fields at Gumsan and Poonggi were higher than other soils, but higher numbers of actinomycetes were found in the first cultured field of ginseng at Goesan and Poonggi. Fungistasis was induced by higher microbial populations present in soil that was initiated when amended with garlic stalk, crushed bean and ginseng leaves. On the other hand, there was no fungistasis in soil amended with wheat and barley straw, and this tendency was a little difference on the soil sample.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.50-61
• /
• 1994

From soil samples, 380 antagonistic microorgnisms were isolated. Among the isolates, 42 strains had mycelia growing inhibition ability against Fusariun solani, ginseng root rot causing pathogen. Isolates CHA 1 and S-PFHR 6 were proposed as antagonists for this study and they were identified as Promicromonospora sp. and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes respectively. As an antagonism against hyphae of F. solani in dual culture test, CHA 1 and S-PFHR 6 inhibited linear growing, caused abnormal branching, and the membrane projection which formed by cell wall destruction. The secondary metabolites contained in the culture filtrates which prepared from PD broth and Nutrient broth inhibited the spore germination to 14.3%. The culture filtrate of S-PFHR 6 which prepared by a little amount of soil extract addition to nutrient rich medium had more strongly. inhibited the spore germination and spore germination decreased to less than 4.0% in it. The soil used in this study had fungistasis and the germination rate of macroconidia and chlamydospore of F.solani was 19.4% and 17.7% respectively. The steam sterilized soil lost fungistasis and germination rate of conidia increased to more than 97.9%. The soils amended with the propagule of CHA 1 and S-PFHR 6 increased fungistasis and the germination rate of macroconidia decreased to 14.7% and 11.7% respectively in each treatments. But the soil ammended with glucose and asparagine annulled fungistatic ability and the germination rate of macroconidia increased to more than 48.0%. As an antagonistic activity of the secondary metabolites of two antagonistic isolates in soil, the germination rate of macroconidia of F. solani was 9.3% in the soil amended with the culture filtrate of CHA 1 but the culture filtrate of S-PFHR 6 had no such activity. In the soil which treated with antagonist propagule or culture filtrate, the chlamydospore germination rate was lower than that in natural soil. The addition of glucose and asparagine to antagonist propagule treated soil did not enhanced the chlamydospore germination.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.38 no.6
• /
• pp.673-678
• /
• 2022

Vapours from origanum oil (O) and thyme oil (T) were applied to the four soil-borne strawberry pathogens Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, Colletotrichum fructicola, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Phytophthora cactorum, causing Fusarium wilt, anthracnose, dieback, and Phytophthora rot, respectively. Increasing T vapour doses in the presence of O vapour strongly inhibited mycelial growths of the four pathogens and vice versa. When mycelia of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae and P. cactorum exposed to the combined O + T vapours were transferred to the fresh media, mycelial growth was restored, indicating fungistasis by vapours. However, the mycelial growth of C. fructicola and L. theobromae exposed to the combined O + T vapours have been slightly retarded in the fresh media. Prolonged exposure of strawberry pathogens to O + T vapours in soil environments may be suggested as an alternative method for eco-friendly disease management.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.195-201
• /
• 1985

Numbers of total bacteria and fungal propagules were highly populated in the soil of diseased plot in Gumsan, whereas numbers of actinomycetes were high in the soil of healthy plot in Goesan. In microbial fluctuation of different soil conditions four weeks after amended with various plant materials, bacteria were decreased in the soil amended with various plant materials as compared with non-amended soil except for Goesan. On the contrary, numbers of fungal propagules were increased amended with onion and potato stalk in two soils at different conditions, and also the propagules were enhanced in the soil amended with various plant materials in general. Higher numbers of bacteria and fungal propagules were observed in the diseased replanted plot in general, but germination rate of fungal spores relatively reversed against the microbial population. Alternaria panax was not affected much in their germination by natural soil condition, while Fusarium spp. were affected in their germination by natural soil. Natural soil showed a fungistatic effect against four fungal spores.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.648-655
• /
• 2017

This study measured dyeing properties under different dyeing conditions and levels of antimicrobial activity when man-made fibers are dyed with gallnut, including rayon, tencel, tencel blended fabric, soybean fiber, and nylon non-mordanted. The dye up-take (K/S), color ($L^*a^*b^*$), and color differences (${\Delta}E$) were measured with a colorimeter, and the number of bacteria present in the dyed fabrics were determined using Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia as strains. The results are as follows: First, the optimal dyeing conditions for man-made fibers dyed with gallnut are 60 minutes of dyeing time and a $80^{\circ}C$ dyeing temperature. Second, gallnut dye is most effective on soybean fiber and then, in descending order of effectiveness, on nylon, rayon, tencel, and tencel blended fabric. This means that dyeing properties of nitrogen containing fibers are excellent when using gallnut. Third, all man-made fibers are dyed brown with gallnut. This implies dyeing possibility of man-made fibers about gallnut dye, so development and supply of natural dyed goods of man-made fibers can be increased. Fourth, in all man-made fibers dyed with gallnut extract, both Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia show 99.9% reduction ratios of fungistasis, which indicate antimicrobial activity. Therefore, safe, functional, man-made materials can be developed to relieve symptoms from and treat patients with skin ailments.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.254-259
• /
• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate the germination of four fungi under non-leaching and leaching incubation. The range of germination rates of Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerium, Mortierella, and Helminthosporium sativa incubated on sand saturated with various solutions without leaching were 90-99%, 31-45%, 38-62% and 86-98% respectively. The range of germination rates of Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerium, Mortierella n. sp and Helminthosporum sativa incubated on sand undergoing leaching were 51-63%, 13-25%, 15-37% and 47-80%, respectively. The germination rates of the four fungi tested were suppressed under leaching incubation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.24 no.9
• /
• pp.1149-1161
• /
• 2014

Cotton plants were sampled and ranked according to their resistance to Verticillium wilt. In total, 642 endophytic fungi isolates representing 27 genera were recovered from Gossypium hirsutum root, stem, and leaf tissues, but were not uniformly distributed. More endophytic fungi appeared in the leaf (391) compared with the root (140) and stem (111) sections. However, no significant difference in the abundance of isolated endophytes was found among resistant cotton varieties. Alternaria exhibited the highest colonization frequency (7.9%), followed by Acremonium (6.6%) and Penicillium (4.8%). Unlike tolerant varieties, resistant and susceptible ones had similar endophytic fungal population compositions. In three Verticillium-wilt-resistant cotton varieties, fungal endophytes from the genus Alternaria were most frequently isolated, followed by Gibberella and Penicillium. The maximum concentration of dominant endophytic fungi was observed in leaf tissues (0.1797). The evenness of stem tissue endophytic communities (0.702) was comparatively more uniform than the other two tissues. Eighty endophytic fungi selected from 27 genera were evaluated for their inhibition activity against highly virulent Verticillium dahliae isolate Vd080 in vitro. Thirty-nine isolates exhibited fungistasis against the pathogen at varying degrees. Seven species, having high growth inhibition rates (${\geq}75%$), exhibited strong antifungal activity against V. dahliae. The antifungal activity of both volatile and nonvolatile metabolites was also investigated. The nonvolatile substances produced by CEF-818 (Penicillium simplicissimum), CEF-325 (Fusarium solani), CEF-714 (Leptosphaeria sp.), and CEF-642 (Talaromyces flavus) completely inhibited V. dahliae growth. These findings deepen our understanding of cotton-endophyte interactions and provide a platform for screening G. hirsutum endophytes with biocontrol potential.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.119-124
• /
• 1982

The characteristics of the six different agricultural soil from Michigan were as follows. Colwood and Capac soil were loam, Gilford and Ceresco were sandy clay loam, Sission was clay loam, and Spinks was sandy loam. pH of Gilford sandy clay loam was 6.6 whereas that of the soil ranged $5.4{\sim}5.9$. Gilford sandy loam found to contain a relatively higher amount of organic matters as compared to other soils. Furthermore, the numbers of bacteria in Gilford sandy clay loam were significantly higher than those in other soils. The populations of fungi in Gilford sandy clay loam and Colwood loam soils were significantly greater than those in other soils. On the other hand, the densities of actinomycetes in Gilford sandy clay loam and Ceresco sandy clay loam soils were significantly different from those in other soils. The population of anaerobic bacteria varied depending on the soils; Ceresco sandy clay loam, Capac loam, Colwood loam soils have higher numbers of bacteria, whereas Gilford sandy clay loam was very lesser than the other soils. In the $^{14}C-glucose$ respiration by soil microorganisms after 10 hrs, the respiration rate was decreasing in the order of Ceresco sandy clay loam, Spinks sandy loam, Colwood loam, Sission clay loam, Capac loam and Gilford sandy clay loam. Germination of test propagules on natural soil soil was $0{\sim}5%$, and it was germinated $90{\sim}98%$ on autoclaved soil and PDA. The propagules differed in thier germination response to nutrients added to the soils. In general, more nutrients were required to promote germination on Capac loam and Gilford sandy loam soil than Spinks sandy loam soil. Especially Mortierella n. sp. required more nutrients for germination to obtain the same ratio as Helminthosporium victoriae.