• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.235-238
• /
• 2011

Agrobacterium harboring vector pCHBs with hygromycin phosphotransferase(hph) and hepatitis B virus surface antigen(HBsAg)gene was transformed into the mycelial culture of Flammulina velutipes. In particular, mild NaOH solution was treated to the mycelia before Agrobacterium infection step. This was purposed to generate putative surface wounds in the mycelial cell walls. The results showed that hygromycin-resistant($hyg^r$) mycelia could be obtained only from NaOH-treated mycelia but not from intact mycelia. The integration of $hyg^r$ gene in fungal genome was confirmed by PCR. In addition, a single transgene integration and heterologous protein expression in F. velutipes could be verified by Southern blot hybridization and western blot analysis, respectively. This study demonstrated an efficient tool for the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of F. velutipes mycelia.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.40 no.5
• /
• pp.349-353
• /
• 2023

A 2-year-old outdoor, spayed, female Korean Jindo dog was referred for thoracic and abdominal masses. Diagnostic imaging revealed generalized lymphadenopathy and a significant amount of pleural effusion. The cytological evaluation of the pleural effusion and fine-needle aspiration of the mediastinal lymph nodes confirmed the presence of fungal hyphae. The histopathological examination of the mediastinal lymph nodes stained with Grocott's methenamine silver revealed fungal mycelia, and Aspergillus terreus was identified based on fungal DNA sequencing. Thus, the dog was diagnosed with disseminated canine aspergillosis caused by A. terreus. This case report describes a rare case of disseminated canine aspergillosis caused by A. terreus in a Korean Jindo dog.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2003

Detailed structures of ectomycorrhizae formed in Pinus roots were observed with various microscopes: light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopes. The mantles and Hartig nets commonly found in the structure of ectomycorrhiza were newly observed according to developmental stage by various staining. The mycelia were observed to be composed of coiled types on the surface of epidermal root during early stage and fused to form mantles of smooth fungal layers, loosing mycelia with some viscous liquid secreted. The ectomycorrhizal hyphae in anatomical roots penetrated the cortical layer and formed obviously mantle and Hartig net. The round spots of ectomycorrhizal mycelia were observed morphological distribution from the cortical layer to vascular bundle of stele in the ectomycorrhizal roots of Pinus species and especially scattered at the area of meristem at the root tip as longitudinal sections. Those mycelia penetrated seemed to move into other roots by means of vascular bundle of ectomycorrhizal roots and newly form ectomycorrhizal roots of dichotomous branches.

• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.38-43
• /
• 2020

The genome of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae contains several types of transposable elements (TEs), and some TEs cause genetic variation that allows M. oryzae to evade host detection. We studied how five abundant TEs in rice pathogens, Pot3, Pot2, MAGGY, Line-like element (MGL) and Mg-SINE, are expressed under diverse conditions related to growth, development, and stress. Expression of Pot3 and Pot2 was activated in germinated conidia and mycelia treated with tricyclazole. Retrotransposon MAGGY was highly expressed in appressoria and tricyclazole-treated mycelia. MAGGY and Pot2 were also activated during the early and late stages of perithecia development. MGL was up-regulated in conidia and during conidial germination but not during appressorium formation. No noticeable expression of Mg-SINE was observed under most conditions. Our results should help investigate if and how condition-specific expressions of some TEs contribute to the biology and evolution of M. oryzae.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.48 no.4
• /
• pp.263-275
• /
• 2020

Phlebopus spongiosus is a well-known edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom indigenous to southern Vietnam. The mushroom specimens collected from northern Thailand in this study were identified as P. spongiosus. This identification was based on morphological characteristics and the multi-gene phylogenetic analyses. Pure cultures were isolated and the relevant suitable mycelial growth conditions were investigated. The results indicated that the fungal mycelia grew well on L-modified Melin-Norkans, and Murashige and Skoog agar all of which were adjusted to a pH of 5.0 at 30 ℃. Sclerotia-like structures were observed on cultures. The ability of this mushroom to produce fruiting bodies in the absence of a host plant was determined by employing a bag cultivation method. Fungal mycelia completely covered the cultivation substrate after 90-95 days following inoculation of mushroom spawn. Under the mushroom house conditions, the highest amount of primordial formation was observed after 10-15 days at a casing with soil:vermiculite (1:1, v/v). The primordia developed into a mature stage within one week. Moreover, identification of the cultivated fruiting bodies was confirmed by both morphological and molecular methods. This is the first record of P. spongiosus found in Thailand and its ability to form fruiting bodies without a host plant.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.29 no.8
• /
• pp.1204-1211
• /
• 2019

Fungal exopolysaccharides are important natural products having diverse biological functions. In this study, exopolysaccharides from Fomitopsis castanea mycelia (FEPS) were prepared, and the highest mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity was found. FEPS were prepared from cultivation broth by ethanol precipitation method. The extraction yield and protein concentration of FEPS were 213.1 mg/l and 0.03%, respectively. FEPS inhibited mushroom tyrosinase with the half maximal inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) of 16.5 mg/ml and dose-dependently inhibited cellular tyrosinase activity (63.9% at $50{\mu}g/ml$, and 83.3% at $100{\mu}g/ml$) in the cell-free extract of SK-MEL-5 human melanoma cell and ${\alpha}$-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (${\alpha}-MSH$)-stimulated melanin formation in intact SK-MEL-5 human melanoma cell. The $IC_{50}$ of FEPS against NO production from RAW264.7 macrophage cells was $42.8{\pm}0.64{\mu}g/ml$. By in vivo study using a zebrafish model, exposure of FEPS at $400{\mu}g/ml$ to dechorionated zebrafish embryos for 18 h decreased the pigment density, compared to that without FEPS-treated control.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.25 no.2 s.81
• /
• pp.121-129
• /
• 1997

Tricholoma matsutake (TM=T. caligatum var. nauseoum) is, for an agricultural income earned by Forestry by-products, a very important mushroom in Korea. The mycelia isolated from the basidiocarps were compared with basidiocarps of TM by the random amplified polymorphisms of RAPD-DNA bands. The mycelia were confirmed to be originated from the basidiocarps of TM by cluster analyses of the DNA-bands made from RAPDs and Southern blotting with the band (0.75 kb) identified. The mycelia defined were observed to grow very slowly at the rate of 10 cm per month at $25^{\circ}C$ and also to be semi-transparent and submerged in on PDA. The method developed in this work was considered to be very useful for confirming the mycelia originated from the ectomycorrhizal mushrooms and also to be applied for the fungal mycelia isolated from the commercial useful mushrooms.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.124-128
• /
• 2007

Ganoderma resinaceum tolerated sodium chloride salt stress within a range of 0 mM till 300 mM. It responded to salt stress with fluctuation in proline formation at different NaCl concentrations. However, the mycelial dry weight, total protein contents and exopolysaccharides did not changed considerably. Increasing sodium chloride concentration led to morphological alteration in fungal mycelia with disappearance of fungal cell wall, plasmolysis, and vacuolation as indicated with electron microscopic examination of the fungal growth.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.69-76
• /
• 2004

Asian Dust samples were collected in the ambient air of Seosan, Western Korea, in spring of 2000∼2002. PM (Particulate Matter) concentrations were 199,8$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ in the first Asian Dust period (March, 23∼24) and 249.4$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ in the second period (April, 7∼9) of 2000. Compared with the concentrations in 2000, relatively low PM concentrations, 157.3$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ were measured in the periods of 2001 (April, 24∼26). Especially high PM concentration 953.1$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ were measured in the periods of 2002 (March, 21∼22). The variation in the PM concentration was observed according to the time for the formation of Asian dust. Considering the particle size distributions of Asian dust, a high concentration was also observed in coarse particle region. The results of backward trajectory model showed the route of the dust storms from northern area of Mongol and Gobi desert. Various mycelia grown from fungal spores were observed on the PM samples and identified at the genus level. All the genera from the three years (2000∼2002), Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Basipetospora, Epicoccum and Monotospora are hyphomycetes in the division Fungi imperfecti (Deuteromycota). Fungal composition on the dust sample in March, 2000 was similar to the result of March, 2002. However, the result of April, 2001 was obviously different from the other dust periods. The variations of fungal compositions between the dust periods could be caused by the trajectories of the dust storms.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
• /
• 2003.10a
• /
• pp.19-20
• /
• 2003

Helicobasidium mompa Tanaka and Resellinia necatrix Prillieux cause violet root rot and white root rot of various crops, respectively. Intensive cultural practices, such as the use of dwarf stock, glasshouse cultivation, etc., predispose plants to the diseases. The diseases can be controlled only by biennial drench of 50100L of chemicals for each tree. Biocontrol with soil microorganisms proved ineffective under field conditions. Long-term control may be hampered by the perennial growth of hosts and by the difficulty in the establishment of antagonists in soil. Crop rotation or soil amendment is not applicable, either. Fungal viruses with dsRNA genome (Buck 1986) are promising against root diseases of fruit trees since they exist within the cytoplasm of fungal hyphae and need no effort to help them persist in the field. The viruses are considered to spread though the network of fungal mycelia in the soil once they enter the fungal cytoplasm. Here, we present preliminary results from a project to control the root diseases of fruit trees with dsRNA.(중략)