• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.448-468
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• 1996

To maintain its functional integrity, bone is continuously remodelled by a process involving resorption by osteoeclasts and formation by osteoblasts, In order to respond to changes in the physical environment or to trauma with the relevant action, this process is strictly regulated by locally synthesized or systemic fators, Prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2$) is perhaps one of the best studied factors, having been known to affect bone cell function for several decades.$PGE_2$ has both anabolic and catabolic activities. Excess of $PGE_2$ has been implicated in a number of pathological states associated with bone loss in a number of chronic inflammatory conditions such as periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis. $PGE_2$ and other arachidonic acid metabolites have been shown to be potent stimulators of osteoclastic bone resorption in organ culture. The anabolic effects of $PGE_2$ were first noticed when an increase in periosteal woven bone formation was seen after the infusion of $PGE_2$ into infants in order to prevent closure of the ductus arteriosus. The cellular basis for the catabolic actions of $PGE_2$ has been well characterized. $PGE_2$increases osteoclast recruitment in bone marrow cell cultures. Also $PGE_2$ has a direct action on osteoclast serving to inhibit activity and can also indirectly activate osteoclast via other cells in the vicinity, presumably osteoblast. The cellular mechanisms for the anabolic actions of $PGE_2$ are not nearly so well understood. The purpose of this paper was to study the effects of $PGE_2$ and dibutyl(DB)cAMP on osteoblastic clone MC3T3El cells and on the generation of osteoclasts from their precursor cells. The effect of $PGE_2$ and DBcAMP on the induction of alkaline phoaphatase(AlP) was investigated in osteoblastic clone MC3T3El cells cultured in medium containing 0.4% fetal bovine serum. $PGE_2$ and DBcAMP stimulated ALP activity and MTT assay in the cells in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of lO-SOOng/ml. Cycloheximide, protein synthesis inhibitor, inhibited the stimulative effect of $PGE_2$ and DBcAMP on ALP activity in the cells. $PGE_2$also increased the intracellular cAMP content in a dose-dependent fashion with a maximal effect at 500ng/ml. The effect of $PGE_2$ on the generation of osteoclasts was investigated in a coculture system of mouse bone marrow cells with primary osteoblastic cells cultured in media containing 10% fetal bovine serum.After cultures, staining for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP)-marker enzyme of osteoclast was performed. The TRAP(+) multinucleated cells(MNCs), which have 3 or more nuclei, were counted. More TRAP(+) MNCs were formed in coculture system than in control group. $PGE_2(10^{-5}10^{-6}M)$ stimulated the formation of osteoclast cells from mouse bone marrow cells in culture. $PGE_2(10^{-6}M)$ stimulated the formation of osteoclast cells from mouse bone marrow cells in coculture of osteoblastic clone MC3T3E1 cells This results suggest that $PGE_2$ stimulates the differentiation of osteoblasts and generation of osteoclast, and are involved in bone formation, as well as in bone resorption.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.110-117
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• 2014

In this study, the biological activity of water and ethanol extracts from Chrysanthemum incidicum Linne by ultrafine grinding for functional food source are examined. The content of phenolic compounds from Chrysanthemum incidicum Linne were the highest when extracted for 6 hr with 70% ethanol. The extraction yield of water and ethanol extracts were $7.12{\pm}1.61$ mg/g and $7.51{\pm}2.14$ mg/g, respectively. With ultrafine grinding, water and ethanol extracts were $8.63{\pm}1.15$ mg/g and $9.33{\pm}1.35$ mg/g, respectively. In determining anti-oxidative activity of Chrysanthemum incidicum Linne extracts, DPPH of normal grinding extracts was 83.52% and ultrafine grinding was 92.37%. In ABTS radical cation decolorization, normal grinding, fine grinding, and ultrafine grinding extracts were 90% or higher. In antioxidant protection factor (PF), water and ethanol extracts of ultrafine grinding showed relatively high anti-oxidative activities of each 1.82 PF and 2.16 PF, respectively. The TBARS value of ultrafine grinding extracts were lower than normal grinding and fine grinding extracts. The inhibition activity on xanthin oxidase of Chrysanthemum incidicum Linne extracts was 67.53% in ultrafine grinded water extracts and 83.45% in ultrafine grinded ethanol extracts. Inhibition on xanthin oxidase of ethanol extracts showed a higher inhibition effect than water extracts, and ultrafine grinding was higher than normal grinding. In angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition activity, ultrafine grinding water extract was 24% or higher, and ethanol extract was 34% or higher. The elastase inhibition activity of ultrafine grinding extract was 25.56%, which was higher than 20.34% of fine grinding extracts. Water extracts did not show hyaluronidase inhibition activity but ethanol extracts showed 35% of hyaluronidase inhibition activity. The determining expression inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 protein in macrophage by Chrysanthemum incidicum Linne extracts with a Western blot analysis, iNOS and COX-2 protein expression inhibition by Chrysanthemum incidicum Linne ethanol extracts were 40% and 15%, respectively at 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ concentration. The inhibitory patterns of iNOS and COX-2 protein expression was concentration dependent. The result suggests that Chrysanthemum incidicum Linne extracts by ultrafine grinding may be more useful than normal grinding as potential sources due to anti-oxidation, angiotensin converting enzyme and xanthine oxidase inhibition, anti-inflammation effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.1217-1227
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• 2014

This study investigated the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of vinegar added with different levels (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%) of Akebia quinata fruit during two-step fermentation. The physicochemical properties of vinegar evaluated were pH, total acidity, alcohol, and total sugar and amino acid contents. The antioxidant activities were based on ABTS radical scavenging activity, SOD-like activity, and reducing power. During alcohol fermentation, total acidity and alcohol contents of vinegar increased, but total sugar contents decreased. During acid fermentation, total acidities of vinegar increased. Vinegar added with 7% A. quinata fruit showed the highest total sensory score. Total polyphenol contents of vinegar added with 0% and 1% A. quinata fruit were not significantly different. However, vinegar added with 3, 5, and 7% A. quinata fruit showed significantly higher total polyphenol contents of 136.6, 381.59, and 415.35 mg/100 g, respectively, after 13 days of fermentation. Further, total flavonoid contents of vinegar added with 0~7% A. quinata fruit significantly increased to 21.73, 15.79, 15.15, 26.19, and 26.87 mg/100 g, respectively, after 13 days of fermentation. In addition, tannin contents of vinegar added with 0~7% A. quinata fruit significantly increased to 0.2042, 0.2004, 0.1255, 0.1384, and 0.1255 mg/100 g, respectively, after 13 days of fermentation. Moreover, ABTS radical scavenging activities of vinegar added with 0~7% A. quinata fruit significantly increased to 5.87, 12.59, 25.63, 34.02, and 35.25, respectively, after 13 days of fermentation at a concentration of 5 mg/mL. Additionally, SOD-like activities of vinegar added with 0~7% A. quinata fruit significantly increased to 8.22, 17.49, 16.86, 16.89, and 15.68%, respectively, after 13 days of fermentation. Reducing power of 7% A. quinata fruit was 0.527 after 1 day and 1.539 at the end of fermentation. Our results demonstrate that antioxidant activity significantly increased during fermentation according to the content of A. quinata. Further, the total polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin contents were shown to be closely related with antioxidant activities. Thus, A. quinata could be effectively used as a vinegar and functional food material based on its antioxidant activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.490-500
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• 2017

This study was performed to evaluate repeated dose oral toxicity upon administration of the test substance 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one for 90 days and to determine NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) and target organs in Sprague-Dawley rats. Single, 2-week repeated, and 13-week repeated oral dose toxicity studies were conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats. The dose levels of groups were 1,250, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg/d. All dose groups were compared with the vehicle control group. The animals were observed for clinical signs and weekly body weight. Urinalysis, hematology, and serum biochemistry analyses were conducted. Subsequently, animals were sacrificed and subjected to histopathological examination. For the result, NOAEL of ethanol extract from unripe fruit of bitter melon had an optimal dose of 5,000 mg/kg/d and acceptable daily intake up to 3,000 mg/man. There was no target organ detected. Therefore, bitter melon, which contains a variety of bioactive substances, could be widely used as a health functional food ingredient.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.562-571
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• 2017

In this study, we investigated the anti-oxidant activities [electron-donating ability (EDA), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging ability, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitory activity], anti-wrinkle activities [collagenase inhibitory activity, suppression and/or phosphorylation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity], and mRNA expression levels using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay in ultraviolet (UV) B ray ($50mJ/cm^2$)-irradiated human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Josaengheugchal, Sinneungheugchal (SE), Shintoheug rice, Heugjinju rice, and Heugseol (HE) among colored rice varieties were reported to have excellent antioxidant properties. In the EDA and ABTS radical scavenging assays, extracts of the five colored rice varieties had scavenging activities of 72% at concentrations higher $50{\mu}g/mL$. In the collagenase inhibition assay, ethanol extracts of the five colored rice varieties showed high inhibitory effects of about 60% at concentrations higher $25{\mu}g/mL$. In the ROS inhibition assay, ethanol extracts of HE and SE showed very excellent inhibition efficacies at all concentrations. We determined molecular biological mechanisms of MMPs (MMP-1, -3, -8, and -13) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) with HE, and the results show that HE suppressed expression of MMPs and phosphorylation of MAPK and increased expression of pro-collagen type I in UVB-irradiated cells. It was also confirmed by RT-PCR that HE reduced expression of MMPs mRNA. Therefore, these results suggest that HE has anti-wrinkle and collagen production effects and may be used as a material in the development of functional food and cosmetic industries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.537-544
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• 2017

In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of Polyopes affinis ethanol extract (PAEE) was investigated using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and a croton oil-induced ICR mice model. Treatment with PAEE significantly reduced production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, and $IL-1{\beta}$] in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. PAEE treatment also reduced expression of inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$, and mitogen-activated protein kinases in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In the croton oil-induced ear edema test, application of PAEE (10~250 mg/kg body weight) reduced ear edema in a dose-dependent manner, and PAEE treatment at 50 mg/kg body weight showed similar inhibitory effects compared with prednisolone (10 mg/kg body weight). Histological analysis revealed reduced dermal thickness and lower number of infiltrated mast cells. These results suggest that PAEE might be used as a promising anti-inflammatory agent for inhibition of LPS-induced inflammation and ear edema formation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.1164-1170
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• 2017

Protaetia brevitarsis larvae (PBL) has recently been registered as a temporary food in Korea, and this study evaluated the application potential of PBL proteins as health functional food materials. Protein hydrolysates were prepared from PBL powder by enzymatic hydrolysis using five different proteases (alcalase, bromelain, flavourzyme, neutrase, and papain), and based on the results from the peptide content and SDS-PAGE analyses, PBL treated with alcalase or flavourzyme showed a high degree of hydrolysis (HD) value, whereas the HD value of those treated with neutrase, bromelain, or papain was minimal. The protein hydrolysates showing a high HD value were separated further into the fractions of >3 kDa and <3 kDa by a centrifugal filter system and then lyophilized, and according to the $RC_{50}$ values of the protein hydrolysates (<3 kDa) obtained from three different antioxidant analyses; the alcalase hydrolysates showed the highest antioxidant activity. Therefore, the alcalase hydrolysates were tested further for their inhibitory effects on the peroxidation of linoleic acid by measuring the thiobarbituric acid values. The results showed that the peroxidation of untreated linoleic acid increased dramatically during 6 days of incubation, but a pretreatment with the hydrolysates ($100{\sim}800{\mu}g/mL$) significantly inhibited the linoleic acid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner for 6 days. Our current studies are focused on the identification of active peptide sequences from alcalase hydrolysates.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.377-387
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• 1996

Background : In 1980, WHO made a definition in which the term "impairment" as applied to the respiratory system is used to describe loss of lung function, "disability" the resulting diminution in exercise capacity. The measurement of pulmonary function during exercise would give us information about overall functional capacity and respiratory performance that would be lacking in tests performed at rest. We conducted this study to investigate the role of resting pulmonary function test and exercise test for assessing impairment/disability in patients with chronic airflow obstruction(CAO). Method : We studied 19 patients with CAO. The spirometry and body plethysmograph were performed in stable condition. And then patients performed a progressive incremental exercise test to a symptom-limited maximum using cycle ergometer. Patients were divided in two groups, severe and non-severe impairment, according to the resting PFTs and compaired each other. A patient was considered to be severely impaired if FVC < 50 %, FEV1 < 40 % or FEV1/FVC < 40 %. Results : 1) The airway obstruction and hypoxemia of severe impairment group were more severe and exercise performance was markedly reduced compairing to non-severe impairment group. 2) The severe impairment group showed ventilatory limitation during exercise test and the limiting symptomes ware dyspnea in 9/10 patients. 3) The impairment and disability of the patients with tuberculous destructed lung were most marked in patients with CAO. 4) The FEV1 was the most prevalent criterion for the determination of severe impairment based on resting PFTs and was the valuable best correlated to V02max(r=0.81, p < 0.001). 5) The sensitivity of exercise limits for predicting severe disability according to resting PFTs was 80 % and specificity 89 %. Conclusion : In patients with severe CAO, FEV1 is a good predictive of exercise performance and impairment measured by resting PFTs can predict a disability by exercise test.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.169-175
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• 1998

Background: Heliox is known to decrease $PaCO_2$ in patients with increased airway resistance by increasing minute ventilation and reducing work of breathing(WOB). Besides these effect, heliox is expected to decrease functional anatomic dead space owing to improvement of peak expiratory flow rate(PEFR) and enhancement of gas distribution. We investigated whether heliox can decrease $PaCO_2$ even at the same minute ventilation (VE) and WOB with $N_2-O_2$ to speculate the effect of the heliox on the anatomic dead space. Material and Method: The subjects were 8 mechanically ventilated patients with asthma or upper airway obstruction(M : F=5 : 3, $68{\pm}10$years) who were under neuromuscular paralysis. The study was consisted of three 15-minutes phases: basal $N_2-O_2$ heliox and washout Heliox was administered via the low pressure inlet of servo 900C, and respiratory parameters were measured by pulmonary monitor(CP-100 pulmonary monitor, Bicore, Irvine, CA, USA). To obtain the same tidal volume(Vt) in heliox phase, the Vt on monitor was adjusted by the factor of relative flow rate of heliox to $N_2-O_2$. Dead space was calculated by Bohr equation. Results: 1) Vt, VE, peak inspiratory pressure(PIP) and peak inspiratory flow rate(PIFR) were not different between $N_2-O_2$ and heliox. 2) PEFR was higher on heliox($0.52{\pm}0.19$L/sec) than $N_2-O_2$($0.44{\pm}0.13$L/sec)(p=0.024). 3) $PaCO_2$(mmHg) were decreased with heliox($56.1{\pm}14.1$) compared to $N_2-O_2$($60.5{\pm}15.9$)(p=0.027). 4) Dead space ventilation(%) were decreased with heliox($73{\pm}9$ with $N_2-O_2$ and $71{\pm}10$ with heliox)(p=0.026). Conclusion: Heliox decreased $PaCO_2$ even at the same VE and WOB with $N_2-O_2$, and the effect was considered to be related with the reduction of anatomic dead space.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1363-1370
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• 2006

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of Agaricus blazei $\beta-glucan$ and egg shell calcium complex on bone metabolism in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Forty Sprague-Dewley female rats, 10 weeks of age $(248{\pm}1.7g)$, were divided into 4 groups and fed on the experimental diets for 6 weeks: sham operated control treated with normal diet containing 0.5% calcium (Sham-C), OVX-control treated with normal diet containing 0.5% calcium (OVX-C), $OVX-\beta-glucan$ group treated with $\beta-glucan$ diet containing 0.5% calcium (OVX-G), and $OVX-\beta-glucan$ egg shell calcium complex treated with $OVX-\beta-glucan$ egg shell calcium complex containing 0.5% calcium (OVX-GE). Bone weight of femur was higher in the OVX-GE group than in the other OVX groups. Bone mineral density of femur was significantly different (p<0.05) among the experimental groups and showed the highest level in the OVX-GE group. Calcium absorption rate and retention were higher in the $\beta-glucan$ supplement groups than in the other groups (p<0.05). Alkaline phosphatase activities and osteocalcin levels of serum showed lower in the $\beta-glucan$ supplement groups than in the OVX-C group. Deoxypyridinoline crosslink values of urine, indicator of bone absorption, showed the lowest in the OVX-GE group. The $\beta-glucan$ supplemented groups had a lower bone resorption ratio than in the OVX-C group. We concluded that bioavailability of calcium is higher in $\beta-glucan$ supplement groups compared to those in OVX rats. From the above results, these findings suggest the possibility of using $\beta-glucan$ egg shell calcium complex as a functional food material related to bone metabolism, even though there is no significant difference between the groups of $\beta-glucan$ and $\beta-glucan-egg$ shell calcium complex supplementation.