• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.213-218
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• 2003

We investigated the monolayer behavior at the air-water interface with metal solution, the surface morphologies and the electrical properties such as conductivity, The calculated conductivity values of pure water subphase and its complexes with L $i^{+}$ ions are 5.6$\times$10$^{-l6}$ and 1.9$\times$10$^{-14}$ [S/cm], respectively. And the calculated barrier height D values of pure water subphase and its complexes with Li. ions are 0.70 and 0.66 [eV], respectively. We also attempted to fabricate a crown dendrimer Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films containing functional end group that could form a complex structure with metal ions. Also, we investigated the surface activity of dendrimer films at air-water interface. In AFM images. the larger domains irregularly shaped structures on the top while the smaller ones were free from such defects. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that the metal ion around dendrimer and polymer included crown function group can contribute to make formation of network structure among crown function group and result in change of electrical properties.s.s.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.191-201
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• 2014

한국 동해안 울진군에 위치한 왕돌초 조하대에서 2012년 5월부터 2013년 8월까지 계절별로 해조상 및 군집구조에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 연구기간 동안 녹조류 12종, 갈조류 29종, 홍조류 81종을 포함한 122종이 채집 및 동정되었으며, 38종의 해조류는 조사지역에서 연중 출현하였다. 정점별 평균 생물량은 봄 472.19-1,198.77 g wet wt. $m^{-2}$, 여름 68.99-631.14 g wet wt. $m^{-2}$, 가을 200.91-401.20 g wet wt. $m^{-2}$, 겨울 53.61-922.32 g wet wt. $m^{-2}$로 나타났다. 생물량에 근거한 왕돌초 해조류의 수직분포는 상부 개도박(Grateloupia lanceolata), 넓은분홍잎(Acrosorium venulosum), 마디잘록이(Lomentaria catenata), 중부 미역(Undaria pinnatifida), 참가시그물바탕말(Dictyopteris pacifica), 괭생이모자반(Sargassum horneri), 감태(Ecklonia cava), 하부 쇠꼬리산말(Desmaeistia viridis), 감태(E. cava), 괭생이모자반(S. horneri) 순으로 확인되었다. 왕돌초에서 출현한 해조류를 6가지 기능형군에 따라 구분한 결과 사상형 34.43%, 성긴분지형 25.41%, 엽상형 24.59%, 다육질형 9.71%, 각상형 5.74%, 유절산호말형 0.82%로 확인되었다. 해조상의 특성을 반영하여 해조군락 특성을 판단할 수 있는 C/P, R/P, (R+C)/P 값은 각각 0.41, 2.79, 3.21로 나타났다. 또한, 왕돌초 조하대 군집 안정도와 환경상태를 다양도지수(H')와 우점도지수(DI)를 기초로 확인한 결과 안정된 것으로 나타났다. 왕돌초 조하대에 서식하는 해조류 종다양성 및 풍부도를 유지하기 위하여 교란이나 부영양화 같은 인간활동으로부터 보호되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.289-301
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• 2004

It is the purpose of this study to characterize oral symptoms and to comprehend the cause and the relapse possibility of patients with open bite. This case study examines the orthodontic treatment of a group of female patients with open bite and Angle's Class I malocclusion. A cephalograph of the patient was taken and tracing of the radiograph was completed. In addition to Bjork and Ricketts analysis, additional measurements of specific areas were taken. The occlusal plane was determined by drawing a line connecting the mesiobuccal cusp tip of the maxillary first molar and the incisal edge of the maxillary central incisors. Patients were divided into two groups depending on the relationship between the marginal ridge of the maxillayy first premolar and the drawn line. Those patients with marginal ridges above the occlusal plane were placed into Group 1, while Group 2 subjects exhibited marginal ridges lower than the occlusal plane. The common characteristics within each group and the characteristic differences between each group both prior to and after orthodontic treatment were examined, and finally, the functional oral volume of each patient was analyzed. The results of the case study were as follows: 1. An examination of the skeletal relationship and anatomical form for both Group 1 and 2 showed that all subjects exhibited hyperdivergent skeletal forms, but Group 2 subjects generally demonstrated underdevelopment of the mandible and a smaller articular angle, resulting in an anterior positioning tendency of the mandible. 2. An analysis of the maxillary arches of Group 1 subjects prior to and after orthodontic treatment showed that the antero-inferior direction had changed to an antero-superior directional tendency, while the maxillary arches of the Group 2 patients showed a trend from an antero-superior direction to an antero-inferior relationship. The mandibular arches in both groups showed a change to an antero-superior direction. 3. Functional space analysis showed that Group 2 patients exhibited a greater tendency of haying palatal planes that drop in a postero-inferior direction, resulting in a more severe open bite than their Group 1 counterparts. The results of this case study show that although patients belonging to either Group 1 or 2 exhibited few external differences in the appearance of open bite, an examination of the dental and skeletal relationships by analyzing patient cephalographs showed that patients presenting with flat maxillary occlusal planes exhibited more severe open bite relationships than patients with curved occlusal planes.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.2565-2570
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• 2011

The reaction of bromoacetonitrile with 3,14-dimethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazatetracyclo[$16.4.1^{2.6}.0^{1.18}.0^{7.12}$]tricosane ($L^{10}$) containing a N-$CH_2$-N linkage produces 17-cyanomethyl-3,14-dimethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazatetracyclo-[$16.4.1^{2.6}.0^{1.18}.0^{7.12}$]tricosane ($L^{11}$). The mono-N-functionalized macrocyclic complexes $[ML^2]^{2+}$ (M = Ni(II) or Cu(II); $L^2$ = 2-cyanomethyl-5,16-dimethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazatricyclo[$16.4.0.0^{7.12}$]docosane) can be prepared by the reaction of $L^{11}$ with nickel(II) or copper(II) ion in acetonitrile. The N-$CH_2CN$ group attached to $[ML^2]^{2+}$ readily reacts with water or methanol to yield the corresponding complexes of $HL^3$ bearing one N-$CH_2CONH_2$ pendant arm or $L^4$ bearing one $N-CH_2C(=NH)OCH_3$ group. The $N-CH_2CONH_2$ or $N-CH_2C(=NH)OCH_3$ group of each complex is coordinated to the central metal ion. Both $[NiL^4(H_2O)]^{2+}$ and $[CuL^4]^{2+}$ are quite stable in acidic aqueous solutions, but undergo hydrolysis to yield $[Ni(HL^3)(H_2O)]^{2+}$ or $[Cu(HL^3)]^{2+}$ in basic aqueous solutions. In contrast to $[Cu(HL^3)]^{2+}$, $[Ni(HL^3) (H_2O)]^{2+}$ is readily deprotonated to form $[NiL^3 (H_2O)]^+$ ($L^3$ = a deprotonated form of $HL^3$) in basic aqueous solutions.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.627-633
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• 2002

Many isolated featureless domains were explicitly observed even at the air-water interface. We measured the surface pressure shift originating from the photo-isomerization of azobenzene units on the periphery of dendrimers. The maximum surface pressure was gradual1y increased and saturated by cyclic compression and decompression. By irradiation of 365 [nm] light, the surface pressure was increased, which was originated by the photo-isomerization process of the azobenzene group on the periphery from trans to cia form. The increase of the dipole moment ($\mu$), which may increase the interaction among Azo dendrimer molecules, made an important role on surface pressure shift. From the absorbance spectrum by UV irradiation and heat treatment, we can see that the absorbance in the UV region decreases with the increase of the UV irradiation time, but the peak at 350 m, characteristic of dendrimers in the LB monolayers, was not shifted until four irradiation cycles. This suggests that optical behavior and morphological change are affected by the functional group and the symmetric chain.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.167-175
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to test the effects of passive exercise on upper extremities muscle spasticity, finger edema, and depression for chronic stroke patients. Methods: A non-equivalent pretest-posttest design was employed for this study. The subjects were 30 elderly patients who were hospitalized to treat chronic stroke. 15 patients were assigned to the experimental and control groups respectively. Passive exercise for 20 minutes per day, five days a week for 8 weeks (total 40 times) was provided for the experimental group. Outcome measurements included manual spasticity test to measure upper extremities' muscle spasticity, the ring measurement method for finger edema and the Korean version of Short-form Geriatric Depression Scale (SGDS-K) for depression. Results: The upper extremities' muscle spasticity (Z=-2.52 p=.012) and the degree of depression (F=5.56, p=.006) in the experimental group were significantly reduced compared to those of the control group. But the degree of finger edema did not significantly differ between the two groups (F=1.46, p=.240). Conclusion: Passive exercise for upper extremities should be encouraged for elderly patients with chronic stroke to enhance the upper extremities' functional capacity as well as depression.

• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2002년도 Proceedings
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• pp.352-355
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not acupuncture of GB34 produces a significant response of the modulation of somatomotor areas by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. The acupoint, GB34, located in the back of the knee, is known to be effective in recovering motor function after stroke. Using 3T MRI scanner, functional MR imaging of the whole brain was performed in 12 normal healthy subjects during two stimulation paradigms; acupuncture manipulation on GB 34 and sham points. This study investigates the activation of the mortor cortex elicited by a soft and an intensified stimulation of GB 34. Three different paradigms were carried out to detect any possible modulation of the Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) response in the somatomortor area to motor stimulation through acupuncture. Group analysis from seven individuals showed that bilateral sensorimotor areas (BA 3,4,6 and 7) showed stimulation related BOLD signal contrast of approximately 6% whereas very few areas were activated when sham stimulation is given. The present study shows that acupuncture fMRI study can be safely conducted in 3T MRI environment, and acupuncture stimulation in GB34 modulates the cortical activities of the somatomotor area in human. The present findings may shed light on the CNS mechanism of motor function by acupuncture and form a basis for future investigations of motor modulation circuits in the stroke patients.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.601-610
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• 2007

Statement of problem: The adhesion between titanium and ceramic is less optimal than conventional metal-ceramic bonding, due to reaction layer form on cast titanium surface during porcelain firing. Purpose: This study characterized the effect of titanium-ceramic adhesion after gold and TiN coating on cast and wrought titanium substrates. Material and method: Six groups of ASTM grade II commercially pure titanium and cast titanium specimens$(13mm{\times}13mm{\times}1mm)$ were prepared(n=8). The conventional Au-Pd-In alloy served as the control. All specimens were sandblasted with $110{\mu}m\;Al_2O_3$ particles and ultrasonically cleaned for 5min in deionized water and dried in air before porcelain firing. An ultra-low-fusing dental porcelain (Vita Titankeramik) was fused on titanium surfaces. Porcelain was debonded by a biaxial flexure test at a cross head speed of 0.25mm/min. The excellent titanium-ceramic adherence was exhibited by the presence of a dentin porcelain layer on the specimen surface after the biaxial flexure test. Area fraction of adherent porcelain (AFAP) was determined by SEM/EDS. Numerical results were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test at ${\alpha}=0.05$. Results: The AFAP value of cast titanium was greatest in the group 2 with TiN coating, followed by group 1 with Au coating and the group 3 with $Al_2O_3$ sandblasting. Significant statistical difference was found between the group 1, 2 and the group 3 (p<.05). The AFAP value of wrought titanium was greatest in the group 5 with TiN coating, followed by the group 4 with Au coating and the group 6 with $Al_2O_3$ sandblasting. Conclusion: No significant difference was observed among the three groups (p>.05). The AFAP values of the cast titanium and the wrought titanium were similar. However the group treated with $Al_2O_3$ sandblasting showed significantly lower value (p<.05).

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.543-548
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• 2009

Treatment for breast cancer produces side effects that diminish functional capacity and quality of life (QOL) among survivors. Tai Chi is a moderate form of exercise that may improve functional capacity, physical activity and oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of regular Tai Chi exercise on malondialdehyde (MDA), SOD and physical fitness (muscle strength, flexibility, flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction). Forty obese women were recruited from a public health center and divided into control (CON: n=20) and trained (EXP: n=20) groups. The Tai Chi exercise group participated in a 12-week (4 times/week) training program. Data were analyzed with T-test. MDA, SOD and physical fitness (muscle strength, flexibility, flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction) were evaluated before and after the Tai Chi program in both groups. There were significant improvements in shoulder flexibility, flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. However, there was no improvement in muscle strength. There were also significant improvements in MDA and SOD. Based on these results, Tai Chi exercise has been shown to stimulate endogenous antioxidant enzymes and reduce oxidative damage markers. and also be effective in improving physical fitness and QOL. Further study is needed in this area.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.52-57
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• 2004

Content of chlorine in s쇼rene-DVB copolymer was decreased as crosslink increased and it is because as crosslink increased $1\%,\;2\%,\;5\%\;and\;10\%$ DVB content increased and crosslink density increased and cavity was reduced. Functional group of resin almost disappeared as C-C1 peak around $700cm^{-1}$ was substituted with 1-aza-12-C-4 macrocyclic ligand and new peak of C-N around $1020cm^{-1}$ appeared, so it was confirmed that styrene-DVB copolymer and ligand were compounded. As crosslink increased in the analysis of element contents, it resulted in the reduction of nitrogen content and it is because as crosslink increased, it led to the reduction of chlorine content in the process of substitution reaction and it affected macrocyclic ligand substituted. Form of functional synthetic resin showed distortion of its particles as macrocyclic ligand was introduced to styrene-DVB copolymer and hydrogen of ligand caused substitution with chlorine element of styrene molecule.