• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.271-278
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• 2014

Rubus coreanus has been used as a traditional medicine in Asia because of its various pharmacological properties. This study examined the effects of protocatechuic acid (PCA), one of phenolic compounds derived from R. coreanus on the lipid metabolism in high cholesterol diet-induced mice. A total of 30 male C57BL/6 mice were divided into 5 groups with 6 mice in each group as follows: (1) Control mice received normal diet (ND). (2) Mice received high-cholesterol diet (HCD) plus water, 10% sucrose solution and treated daily oral phosphate-buffered-saline (PBS) of equal volumes through gavage. (3) Mice received HCD and treated daily with 25 mg/kg b.w./day of PCA (4) with 50 mg/kg b.w./day or (5) with 10 mg/kg b.w./day of simvastatin via oral gavage for 12 weeks. Body weights were measured weekly for a period of experiment. After treatment, liver, thymus, spleen and kidney were harvested and weighed, and the lipid metabolite profiles (total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) and liver-damaging markers (GOT and GPT) in serum were examined. PCA significantly reduced the total cholesterol, TG, LDL-c level and increased the HDL-c level. PCA administration also significantly reduced the levels of GOT and GPT. These results indicate that the PCA could be used as a functional material for lowering lipid and an adjuvant for the treatment of hyperlipemia.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.981-988
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• 2008

This study was conducted to develop functional black soy sauce with (S2) and without (S3) an outer skin and then compare these products to a control soy sauce (S1). In addition, the effects of different fermentation periods on the pH, buffering power, titratable acidity, total acidity, salt content, and browning and Lab value were evaluated. Furthermore, the antioxidative activities of the black soy sauce were compared to those of the control soy sauce based on the total phenolic compounds and free radical scavenging activity, including the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) scavenging activity and the thiobarbituric acid value (TBA value). The pH and buffering power of S2 were lower than of S1 and S3, while the titratable acidity and total acidity were higher. The salt content of all samples decreased after 60 days of fermentation, after which it increased slightly for up to 180 days. Additionally, the browning intensity of all samples increased as the fermentation periods increased, with the browning intensity at 420 nm of S1 being the highest followed by S3 and S2. After 150 days of fermentation, the L value of S1 was higher than that of S2 and S3, but the while a value of S2 was higher than those of S1 and S3 and was increased as the fermentation periods. Moreover, the b value of S1 was the highest at the end of the fermentation period, followed by the b values of S3 and S2. The amount of total phenolics in S1 was greatest, followed by S2 and S1. Conversely, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of S2 was the highest, followed by S3 and S1. Finally, the TBA value increased rapidly from day 30 to day 180 of the fermentation period, and the TBA value of S2 was lower than those of S1 and S3.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.462-465
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• 2010

Sweetness plays an important role in providing calories and promoting appetite for food. Since it has been known that genetic factor(s) is involved in individual differences in taste sensitivity in humans, this study aimed to examine genetic variations of the TAS1R2 gene, one of the components for tasting sweet compounds, by using DNA sequencing analysis from 98 unrelated Korean subjects. As a result, 12 different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the hTAS1R2 gene and most of them were nonsynonymous. Also, two novel SNPs were found for the first time in this study. It was noted that the frequencies of these SNPs were common in the Korean population. 20 different haplotypes with coding SNPs (cSNPs) were also found in this study. Three out of these haplotypes were common, showing frequencies of > 10%. The repertoire and frequencies of cSNPs and haplotypes in the hTAS1R2 gene will provide information that will help identify a functional ligand receptor common in the Korean population.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.361-367
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• 2013

Hizikia fusiformis has been widely used in Oriental herbal medicine and health food. To identify antioxidation properties that contain natural bioactive substances, we investigated the distribution of active compounds existing in batches of organic solvent fractionation. A dried form of H. fusiformis was subjected to sequential fractionation using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-BuOH, and aqueous n-BuOH. The results showed that among the four isolated fractions, the n-BuOH fraction showed the highest antioxidation activities. The n-BuOH fraction was applied to reserve-phase silica gel column chromatography, which produced three fractions: BA, BB, and BC. Among these fractions, BB showed the highest antioxidation activities, which increased in a concentration-dependent manner. At a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml n-BuOH fraction, the activities of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging and reducing power were approximately $45{\pm}0.14%$ and $1.34{\pm}0.23$, respectively. In addition, the activities of ${\beta}$-carotene-linoleic acid, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) radical scavenging were $76{\pm}0.12%$, $82{\pm}0.06%$, and $65{\pm}0.17%$, respectively. These findings suggest that the BB fraction contains potent antioxidation properties and that it could be used in the production of natural and functional foods.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.318-326
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• 2015

We previously reported that the SbROMT3syn recombinant protein catalyzes the production of the methylated resveratrol derivatives pinostilbene and pterostilbene by methylating substrate resveratrol in recombinant E. coli. To further study the production of stilbene compounds in E. coli by the expression of enzymes involved in stilbene biosynthesis, we isolated three stilbene synthase (STS) genes from rhubarb, peanut, and grape as well as two resveratrol O-methyltransferase (ROMT) genes from grape and sorghum. The ability of RpSTS to produce resveratrol in recombinant E. coli was compared with other AhSTS and VrSTS genes. Out of three STS, only AhSTS was able to produce resveratrol from p-coumaric acid. Thus, to improve the solubility of RpSTS, VrROMT, and SbROMT3 in E. coli, we synthesized the RpSTS, VrROMT and SbROMT3 genes following codon-optimization and expressed one or both genes together with the cinnamate/4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (CCL) gene from Streptomyces coelicolor. Our HPLC and LC-MS analyses showed that recombinant E. coli expressing both ScCCL and RpSTSsyn led to the production of resveratrol when p-coumaric acid was used as the precursor. In addition, incorporation of SbROMT3syn in recombinant E. coli cells produced resveratrol and its mono-methylated derivative, pinostilbene, as the major products from p-coumaric acid. However, very small amounts of pterostilbene were only detectable in the recombinant E. coli cells expressing the ScCCL, RpSTSsyn and SbROMT3syn genes. These results suggest that RpSTSsyn exhibits an enhanced enzyme activity to produce resveratrol and SbROMT3syn catalyzes the methylation of resveratrol to produce pinostilbene in E. coli cells.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.63-73
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• 2012

In this study, the 89 components of the gases emitted from grave goods at Sim Seol(1570-1630) tomb identified and quantitatively analyzed using a thermal desorption system integrated with gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The concentration of major components show the levels of alpha-pinene 4,113ppbv, beta-pinene 2,510ppbv and limonene 2,424ppbv, that of the others orderly show p-menth-2-ene, acetone, isolongifolene and isoborneol. The functional groups of high concentration level cover 65% of terpenes and 25.8% of alcohols. The expected odor intensity orderly show 35.1% of terpenes, 33.4% of aldehydes and 8.8% of alcohols. Terpenes have generally effect of a perfume, antifungal and antimicrobial activity, and could come out of the pine(Pinus densiflora) coffin, aldehydes and alcohols could be come out of both the Sim Seol mirra and Pinus densiflora for a long time. The analyses of gases emitted from a excavated properties or a tomb are assessed that it can pc001 provide a scientific basis on a counterplan against harmful gases, a method of conservation treatments and a evaluation of effectiveness in conservation of cultural properties in a tomb.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.315-320
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• 2002

The multifunctional compound such as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was used to producing of functional larval rockfish. Artemia, livefoods for larval fish, enriched with highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) and CLA ($0.5\%$, $1.0\%$, $2.5\%$ and $5.5\%$ group) was fed to larval rockfish. Artemia, enriched with $2.5\~5.0\%$ of CLA, negatively affects the quality of larval rockfish. But $1.0\%$ CLA fed group shown to good specific growth rate, feed efficiency, n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio, DHA/EPA ratio and hematology results. The CLA deposited in muscle lipids of larval rockfish was reached 6.57 to $19.69\%$.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.134-142
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• 1997

Pectin and tannin analysis were carried out to inverstigate any available components from Pinus densiflora, P. koraiensis, P. thunbergii and P. rigida. To analyze terpenoid components, the essential oils were extracted with steam distillation method from four kinds of pine needles. The essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS spectroscopy. The results were summarized as follows: Pectin content was highest in P. koraiensis with 0.40%, and tannin content was highest in P. koraiensis with 1.05. Major components of P. densiflora needles were ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene, ${\Delta}^3$-carene and phytol. ${\alpha}$-Pinene, ${\Delta}^3$-carene, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene, germacrene D, and camphene were found major components in P. koraiensis. Major components of P. thunbergii needles were ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene and germacrene D. ${\beta}$-Pinene, ${\alpha}$-piene, humulene oxide and ${\alpha}$-elemene were major components in P. rigida. Sabinene and citronellol were infrequent components in P. koraiensis, and ${\alpha}$-pinene oxide was present only in P. rigida. ${\alpha}$-Pinene, limonene, and bornylacetate well known as the main components of green air bath were found in P. densiflora and P. koraiensis.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.29-38
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• 2016

Screen printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) with immobilized osmium-based hydrogel redox polymer, uricase and PEGDGE can be used to apply uric acid electrochemical detecting. The osmium redox complexes were synthesized by the coordinating pyridine group having different functional group at 4-position with osmium compounds. The synthesized poly-osmium hydrogel complexes are described as PAA-PVI-$[Os(dCl-bpy)_2Cl]^{+/2+}$, PAA-PVI-$[Os(dme-bpy)_2Cl]^{+/2+}$, PAA-PVI-$[Os(dmo-bpy)_2Cl]^{+/2+}$. The different concentrations of uric acid were measured by cyclic voltammetry technique using enzyme-immobilized SPCEs. The prepared SPCEs using PAA-PVI-$[Os(dme-bpy)_2Cl]^{+/2+}$ showed no interference from common physiologic interferents such as ascorbic acid (AA) or glucose. The resulting electrical currents at 0.33 V vs. Ag/AgCl displayed a good linear response with uric acid concentrations from 1.0 to 5.0 mM. Therefore, this approach allowed the development of a simple, point of care in the medical field, disposable electrochemical uric acid biosensor.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.443-449
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities of extracts from various seaweed. The extracts of $Sargassum$ $thunbergii$ (91.3%), $Polysiphonia$ $morrowii$ (90.7%), $Ecklonia$ $cava$ (89.9%), and $Artemisia$ $fukudo$ (85.9%) showed over 80% high radical scavenging activities at the final concentration of 40 ${\mu}g$/mL. The $Artemisia$ $fukudo$ extract showed the highest inhibition activity of 30.2% on AChE at the final concentration of 10 ${\mu}g$/mL. The extract of $Porphyra$ $tenera$, $Costaria$ $costata$, $Monostroma$ $nitidum$, $Ecklonia$ $cava$, and $Agarum$ $clathratum$ against AChE at a concentration of 10 ${\mu}g$/mL exhibited inhibition of 26.6%, 25.3%, 23.4%, 21.7%, 20.4% and 19.9%, respectively. The bioautography results showed that the mixtures of structurally diverse compounds were thought to affect AChE inhibitory activity. These results suggest that extracts from seaweed with their high quality components may be effective in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease and may be used to develop various functional food products.