• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.300-307
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• 1992

Bromelains (EC 3.4.4.24) isolated from pineapple fruit and stem have been purified about 18 and 46-folds to homogenity in the same yield of 23%. Molecular weights of fruit and stem-bromelain were estimated to be 32.5 KDa and 37 KDa by Sephadex G-200, respectively. The enzymes were composed of one subunit. The fruit and stem-bromelain had their maximum activity at pH 8.0, $70^{\circ}C$ and at pH 7.0, $60^{\circ}C$. Especially the enzymes catalyzed hydrolysis of plant proteins such as ISP (Isolated soybean protein) and wheat gluten with high molecular activity compared to animal proteins. The enzymes were competitively inhibited by sulfhydryl reagent; $K_i$ values of fruit and stem-bromelain for pCMB(p-chloromercuribenzoate) were 0.18 mM and 0.10 mM. Activities of the enzymes inhibited by pCMB were reversibly restored with increasing concentration of cysteine.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.80-85
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• 2018

This study was carried out to clarify the effect of CHO-CO and PO film on air temperature in greenhouse and Korean melon fruit characteristics and yield. On January 8 in 2017, the maximum, minimum and average air temperature in greenhouse covered with CHO-CO film were $38.9^{\circ}C$, $13.4^{\circ}C$ and $20.1^{\circ}C$, respectively. At the same date, the maximum, minimum and average air temperature in greenhouse covered with PO film were $40.0^{\circ}C$, $14.9^{\circ}C$ and $20.3^{\circ}C$, respectively. On August 7 in 2017, the maximum, minimum and average air temperature in greenhouse covered with CHO-CO film were $47.2^{\circ}C$, $23.1^{\circ}C$ and $32.4^{\circ}C$, respectively, and the maximum, minimum and average air temperature in greenhouse covered with PO film were $50.3^{\circ}C$, $23.6^{\circ}C$ and $34.0^{\circ}C$, respectively. The results of investigation of qualities and yields of Korean melons from May 26 to August 15 in 2017 were as follows. The fruit weight of Korean melon harvested in CHO-CO film's greenhouse was 371.6g which was 22.2g less than that of PO film greenhouse. The sugar contents of Korean melon harvested in CHO-CO film greenhouse was $14.5^{\circ}brix$ which was $1.4^{\circ}brix$ greater than that of the fruits harvested in PO film greenhouse. The chromaticity (a-value) of fruit skin of Korean melon harvested in CHO-CO film greenhouse was 12.3 which was 1.5 greater than that of the fruits harvested in PO film greenhouse. The marketable yield rate of Korean melon harvested in CHO-CO film's greenhouse was 89.4% which was 8.0% higher than the fruits harvested in PO film greenhouse. The yield of Korean melon harvested in CHO-CO film's greenhouse was 2694kg per 10 a which was 26% more than that harvested in PO film greenhouse. In conclusion, the CHO-CO film could be effective to produce Korean melon in high temperature season.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.3
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• pp.325-332
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• 2020

This study was conducted on cultivation farms in the Gimcheon area, which is the main production area of walnuts, in order to compare and analyze the yield and fruit quality of walnut trees (Juglans sinensis Dode) derived from seedlings. The official trees were classified into nine classes from 10 to 60 years old, and a total of 135 trees were selected, with 15 trees selected for each grade. The growth and fruit characteristics for each age group were then examined. The average tree height was 10.3 m, and the average crown area was 63.7 ㎡. The average number of fruit settings per tree was 573.1, with the largest number of walnuts per tree at 35 years (974.0 walnuts), and the lowest walnuts per tree at 10 years (124.7 walnuts). In addition, the number of fruit settings per bearing mother branch in 35 year old trees was the highest at 3.1. The average weight for each fruit type was found to be 58.7 ± 4.0 g of walnuts in green peel, 10.5 ± 0.5 g of dried shell walnuts, and 4.9 ± 0.2 g of walnuts, respectively. The average yield by fruit type was 32.5 ± 13.8 kg of walnuts in green peel, 5.9 ± 2.5 kg of dried shell walnut, and 2.8 ± 1.2 kg of walnuts. The yield was positively correlated with the crown area, the number of fruits setting per bearing mother branch, and the number of fruits setting per 1 ㎥. The formula used to estimate the yield per tree by age was calculated as y = 8993.9 ln (tree age-9) 8230.3, R² = 0.8531 (walnut in green peel) and y = 1647.1 ln (tree age-9) 1442.1, R² = 0.8527 (dried shell walnut).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 1994

Studies were made to find out the mycelial growth and rotting characteristics of 91 Lentinus edodes isolates collected or hybridized in Korea and abroad, and their adaptability to bag-culture. The results are as follows. 1. There were little differences in mycelial growth at PDA and oak (Quercus mongolica) sawdust-based medium, and rotting among high-, mid- and low temperature types of L. edodes isolates. But, the fruit yield of high-temperature type was much higher than those of the other two types. The fruit yields of the isolates in the same strain group were apparently different. 2. From the sawdust-based culture of 91 isolates, FRI 221, FRI 208 and FRI 169 were selected as excellent strains in yield and Quality, showing fruiting of 157g, 152g and 119g per 1kg-medium, respectively. 3. Attempts to culture in various media with different substrates resulted in almost same fruit yields, and the yield was proportional to medium weights as 2.5kg-medium showed 2.5 times more yield than 1kg-medium. Fruit yields were different according to incubation periods and the period of little more than 100days was best. 4. When the correlation analyses among mycelial growth, rotting ability, yield and fruit-shape normality were made with the 91 isolates, mycelial growth at sawdust-based medium showed highly positive correlation with that at PDA, while fruit yield was negatively correlated with mycelial growth in PDA and sawdust-based medium.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.501-511
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• 2011

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of applying levels of Bestamin, animal amino acid, on growth and quality of hot pepper and physicochemical properties of soil. Treatment was given with 200, 400, 800, 1600kg per 10a to control of Bestamin, difference of physicochemical properties was lower than Bestamin, and $P_2O_5$ seems to be reduced, also $K^+$, $Ca^{++}$ were obviously low compared to the control. The content of $NO_{3-}N$ was low compared to control at the Bestamin treated plot. Plant height was longest at 800 treatment and main stem length, main stem weigh and the number of leaves were significantly different with 400 and 800 treatment. No difference was found among the fruit weight, length, diameter in first harvest, but there was significantly different at control of 2nd, 3rd harvest and more increased than 400 and 800 treatment. Fruit weight per plant was the heaviest at 400 and 800 treatment, and the number of fruit was no difference at red pepper but increased with 400 and 800 at green pepper, and yield per 10a was significantly increased to 4503.6kg and 4582.5kg, respectively. Nitrogen in mesophyll accumulation content was obviously reduced at Bestamin treatment compared to control, and amino acid was reduced with control.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.4
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• pp.161-177
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• 1991

This experiment was carrid out to investigate the effect of organic fertilizer and plant growth regulators application on the growth and quality of tomato. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Plant height of tomato was recorded highest when chemical fertilizer plus organic fertilizer was applied, and did not have significant effects in number of leaf. But stem diameter was positively effected by chemical plus organic fertilizer application than chemical fertilizer alone. 2. Flower formation, flower weight, anther weight and ovary weight were generally increased by organic fertilizer application. 3. Fruit-set and number of flower were significantly increased by organic fertilizer application. 4. Deformity fruit was the lowest rate at chemical plus organic fertilizer application when it was 14.7 percent, and it was increased by chemical fertilizer application. 5. Days of ripening was slightly delayed by organic fertilizer application and also flowering date shortened by chemical fertilizer application. 6. Plant growth regulators had positive effects on number of flower, flower weight, anther weight, and ovary weight, and variations of their effect by cluster were apparent. 7. Fruit-set was increased by 2,4-D 10ppm and BA 20ppm treatments but was decreased by treatments of Ethephon 10ppm and control. 8. By the BA 20ppm and 2,4-D 10ppm treatments, the rate of deformity fruit was decreased and fruit ripening date was also shortened.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.421-441
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• 2021

Fruit detection in orchards is one of the most crucial tasks for designing the visual system of an automated harvesting robot. It is the first and foremost tool employed for tasks such as sorting, grading, harvesting, disease control, and yield estimation, etc. Efficient visual systems are crucial for designing an automated robot. However, conventional fruit detection methods always a trade-off with accuracy, real-time response, and extensibility. Therefore, an improved method is proposed based on coarse-to-fine multitask cascaded convolutional networks (MTCNN) with three aspects to enable the practical application. First, the architecture of Fruit-MTCNN was improved to increase its power to discriminate between objects and their backgrounds. Then, with a few manual labels and operations, synthetic images and labels were generated to increase the diversity and the number of image samples. Further, through the online hard example mining (OHEM) strategy during training, the detector retrained hard examples. Finally, the improved detector was tested for its performance that proved superior in predicted accuracy and retaining good performances on portability with the low time cost. Based on performance, it was concluded that the detector could be applied practically in the actual orchard environment.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.236-242
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effect the water content in coir substrates as according to growth stage on the growth and yield of mini-paprika of three varieties 'E 499524' (red color), 'E 499526' (yellow colar) and 'E 499531' (orange colar) in summer hydroponics. Treatments of I, II and III were composed of 55-65-60, 50-60-55 and 45-55-50% in water contents of growth stages, respectively. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors were used in a drip irrigation system. The early growth of mini-paprika was increased by high medium water content of treatment I in all of three varieties. Mean fruit weight was not affected by medium water content, but the fruit number per plant and yield were increased at high medium water content of treatment I. The Yield of treatment I was higher than that of treatment II and III in all of three varieties. The sugar content was increased by low medium water content of treatment in all of three varieties. The incidence of brown-stem fruit, blossom-end rot and sunburn was decreased with increasing water content of medium. Occurred in the low water content of medium. Mineral contents of fruits such as nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) etc. were not affected in all of three varieties.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 2015

This study was carried out to develop the economic thresholds for powdery mildew on pepper. To investigate the relationship between powdery mildew incidence degree and yield, experimental plots with ten treatments as initial disease degree were established. Disease intensity exhibited negative and significant correlation with fruit characters like fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight. The adverse effect of the disease on these characteristics was low yield, exhibiting significant negative correlation with disease intensity. There existed close correlation between rate of infected leaf area and yields in the plastic house (Chonhatongil: Y = -3.44X+291.09 $R^2=0.73$, Buchon: Y = -2.14X+327.9 $R^2=0.78$). There existed close correlation between rate of infected leaf area and yield loss in the plastic house (Chonhatongil: Y = 2.14X+15.45 $R^2=0.76$ $r=0.87^{**}$, Buchon: Y = 3.44X+114.21 $R^2=0.73$ $r=0.85^{**}$). Control thresholds diseased rate on powdery mildew of pepper was below 3.2 to 7.3% rate of infected leaf area per plant in the plastic house. The economic thresholds for powdery mildew of pepper was below 3.8 to 6.2% rate of infected leaf area per plant in the plastic house.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.53-68
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of diurnal alternation of nutrient solution salinity on growth and fruit quality of tomatoes (Lycoperisicon esculentum cv. 'House momotaro') hydroponically grown in root intercept bag-NFT (RIB-NFT) system. Plant height was the lowest in the high concentration during daytime (6/1 $dS\;m^{-1}$, day/night). Yield was very high in the concentration of 1/1 $dS\;m^{-1}$, it decreased with increasing the concentration of nutrient Yield was higher at low concentration (4/1 $dS\;m^{-1}$) at nighttime compared to the same concentration (4/4 $dS m^{-1}$) at daytime and nighttime, and the reverse (1/4 $dS\;m^{-1}$) was similar to the control (perlite culture). Yield was greatly reduced by higher concentration at daytime than nighttime, and the decrease was alleviated by lower concentration at nighttime. With increasing the concentration of nutrient solution during daytime, sugar content of tomato fruit was increased, but yield was decreased. In the other experiment, tomato plants were hydropoically cultured in NFT system diurnally alternated between Aichi's solution and $Ca(NO_3)_2$ solution. $Ca(NO_3)_2$ solution was supplied for 4 hours from 10:00 to 14:00 at daytime and from 22:00 to 2:00 at nighttime, respectively, and Aichi's solution was supplied for the time except the 4 hours. Ca content of leaves and sugar content of fruit were increased by supplying $Ca(NO_3)_2$ solution at daytime compared to nighttime, but plant growth was greatly suppressed by supplying $Ca(NO_3)_2$ solution with the concentration of 4 $dS\;m^{-1}(4/4^{Ca}\;dS\;m^{-1})$ at nighttime.